High Sodium Content in Commercial Capers
Most capers and caper berries sold commercially are packed in brine or salt to preserve them, which results in a very high sodium content. A single tablespoon of canned capers can provide a significant portion of the recommended daily sodium intake.
High sodium consumption is a well-established risk factor for several health conditions, especially for individuals sensitive to its effects. This can lead to increased blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. For people with existing hypertension or those following a low-sodium diet, rinsing capers thoroughly before use is a vital step to mitigate this risk.
Potential for Allergic Reactions
Though uncommon, allergic reactions to Capparis have been reported. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritations, such as contact dermatitis from handling the plant, to more serious food allergy symptoms. A documented case involved a person experiencing angioedema (swelling of the face and hands), redness, and aphonia after consuming capers.
- Cross-reactivity: Some individuals with allergies to plants in the mustard family, such as mustard oil, should be cautious with capers, as they contain a similar chemical compound.
- Immediate action: If you experience any allergy symptoms after eating capers, such as itching, hives, or swelling, you should immediately stop consumption and consult a medical professional.
Digestive Discomfort and Other Gastrointestinal Issues
Consuming large quantities of capers can lead to gastrointestinal upset in some sensitive individuals. While the small amounts typically used as a condiment are usually well-tolerated, excessive consumption may cause symptoms like nausea, bloating, or stomach cramps. This is often due to their intense flavor and high salt content rather than toxicity.
Considerations for Specific Health Conditions
Diabetes
Capers have shown potential to slightly lower blood sugar levels, especially when consumed in medicinal quantities. While this effect can be beneficial, it also presents a risk for people with diabetes, particularly those on blood-sugar-lowering medications. Close monitoring of blood sugar levels is necessary to prevent hypoglycemia (blood sugar that is too low). Some studies, however, have shown inconsistent or insignificant blood sugar effects, highlighting the need for more research.
Before Surgery
Due to the potential effect on blood sugar levels, it is generally recommended to avoid consuming caper-based supplements or high quantities of capers for at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery. This precaution helps to ensure better blood sugar control during and after the procedure.
Drug Interactions
Capers contain a small amount of vitamin K, which plays a critical role in blood clotting. This can potentially interfere with anticoagulant medications like warfarin (Coumadin). People on blood-thinning medication should discuss their caper intake with their doctor to avoid any potential interference with the medication's effectiveness.
Pregnancy and Lactation
In typical culinary amounts, capers are considered likely safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, medicinal-grade extracts and larger quantities should be avoided due to a lack of sufficient safety data. Traditional Arabian medicine has used capers as an emmenagogue (a substance that stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus), which is another reason for caution during pregnancy. High sodium intake is also a concern for pregnant women managing blood pressure.
Comparison of Capparis Intake Risks
| Side Effect | Risk Level (Culinary Use) | Risk Level (Medicinal Extracts) | Affected Individuals |
|---|---|---|---|
| High Sodium | High | High | Those with high blood pressure, heart disease, or on low-sodium diets |
| Allergy | Low | Low | Those with pre-existing allergies, especially to mustard |
| Digestive Upset | Low-Moderate | Moderate | Individuals sensitive to strong flavors or high salt |
| Hypoglycemia | Very Low | Moderate-High | People with diabetes on blood sugar medication |
| Drug Interactions | Very Low | Moderate | Individuals taking anticoagulant medication like warfarin |
| Hepatotoxicity | Very Low | Possible* | Individuals on specific medications or those with liver conditions |
Note: One study showed potential liver and kidney issues in mice with sub-chronic consumption of high-dose hydro-alcoholic extracts, though other studies found no such effects in rats. More research is needed.
General Safety Profile
For the average healthy adult consuming capers in typical food amounts, they are considered largely safe. Most side effects are linked to high consumption, specific sensitivities, or interactions with medications. Medicinal extracts, particularly hydro-alcoholic extracts, have been associated with potential dose-dependent organ toxicity in animal studies and should only be used under medical supervision. Always consult a doctor before using capers therapeutically.
Conclusion
While eating Capparis (capers) in moderation as a culinary condiment is generally safe, it is not without potential side effects. The most common concern is the extremely high sodium content of preserved capers, which poses a risk for individuals with hypertension or those on low-sodium diets. Other considerations include the potential for allergic reactions, mild digestive upset from large quantities, and possible interactions with blood-thinning or diabetes medications. Those with specific health conditions, or those considering high-dose medicinal extracts, should consult a healthcare provider to ensure safe consumption. Rinsing capers can help significantly reduce sodium and mitigate some risks.
