The Hidden Plastic in Your Favorite Chew
For generations, chewing gum was made from natural tree sap, known as chicle. However, to meet mass-market demand and reduce costs, manufacturers shifted to using synthetic materials derived from petroleum to create the "gum base". This proprietary blend, often vaguely listed on ingredient labels, includes various polymers such as polyisobutylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl acetate—the same types of plastics used in items like car bumpers, plastic bags, and glue. This means that when you chew, you are masticating a form of plastic.
The UCLA Study: Unmasking Microplastic Release
Recent research has moved beyond just identifying plastic in gum to quantifying how much is released during chewing. A significant pilot study presented by UCLA engineers confirmed that chewing gum is a direct source of microplastic ingestion. The researchers tested 10 different brands, and their findings were eye-opening. A single person chewing gum could ingest hundreds to thousands of microplastic particles from just one piece.
Crucially, the study made two surprising discoveries. First, the highest concentration of microplastic release occurred within the first eight minutes of chewing, with 94% of particles shedding during that initial period. This suggests that chewing the same piece for a longer duration, rather than frequently replacing it, could potentially limit exposure. Second, and most surprisingly, microplastics were found in both synthetic and so-called "natural" gums in comparable amounts, though the source in the natural gums was questioned. This could be due to contamination during processing or packaging, or from intentionally added polymers.
The Environmental and Health Implications
Conventional, plastic-based chewing gum poses significant environmental and potential health risks. Environmentally, discarded chewing gum is a persistent and costly litter problem because it is not biodegradable. When it eventually breaks down, it contributes to the widespread issue of microplastic pollution in our ecosystems, from waterways to marine life. Furthermore, the full impact of ingesting microplastics on human health is still not entirely understood, but emerging evidence is raising concerns. Studies on animals and human cells have suggested that exposure to these tiny particles could potentially harm the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory systems. While more human research is needed, the findings warrant caution and suggest minimizing exposure where possible. The Environmental Working Group provides additional resources on limiting overall plastic exposure.
Comparison Table: Conventional vs. Plastic-Free Gum
| Feature | Conventional Chewing Gum | Plastic-Free Chewing Gum |
|---|---|---|
| Gum Base | Synthetic polymers (e.g., polyisobutylene, polyvinyl acetate), often listed as "Gum Base" | Natural sap from trees like chicle, or other plant-based resins |
| Biodegradability | Non-biodegradable; persists for years | Biodegradable; breaks down naturally |
| Microplastic Release | Confirmed release of microplastics during chewing | Designed to be plastic-free, but contamination is a possibility |
| Key Advantage | Lower production cost, consistent texture, long-lasting flavor | Environmentally friendly, often uses natural sweeteners and flavors |
| Common Additives | Artificial sweeteners (aspartame), flavors, colors, preservatives | Natural sweeteners (xylitol, stevia), natural flavors, no artificial additives |
Making a Conscious Choice: Plastic-Free Alternatives
Fortunately, a growing market of plastic-free chewing gum offers an alternative for consumers concerned about microplastics and environmental impact. These brands have returned to using natural, biodegradable gum bases, often made from chicle or other plant-based resins.
Here is what to look for when choosing a plastic-free alternative:
- Read the Ingredients: Always check the ingredient list for natural gum bases like "chicle" or a clear "plastic-free" declaration. Avoid products that simply list "gum base".
- Research the Brand: Many companies committed to being plastic-free are transparent about their mission and ingredients. Brands like Simply Gum, Glee Gum, True Gum, and Chewsy are examples.
- Embrace the Difference: The texture and longevity of natural gums may differ from what you are used to with conventional brands, but they offer peace of mind.
Conclusion: A Sticky Situation with a Clean Solution
The revelation that many commercial chewing gums contain and release microplastics adds another layer to our understanding of plastic exposure. With studies showing we ingest tens of thousands of microplastic particles annually from various sources, chewing gum represents one avoidable point of exposure. By choosing plastic-free and biodegradable alternatives, consumers can not only reduce their personal intake of microplastics but also contribute to a cleaner, healthier planet. The power to choose a better, less plastic-filled chew is in our hands, one piece of natural gum at a time.
