The Mild Laxative Effect of Licorice Root
For centuries, the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, known as licorice, has been used in traditional medicine for its various health benefits. One of the most frequently cited uses is its ability to support gastrointestinal health and aid in digestion. The mild laxative effect attributed to licorice is primarily due to its bioactive compound, glycyrrhizin.
How Glycyrrhizin Influences Bowel Function
Glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for licorice's distinctive sweet flavor, works in several ways to potentially aid in bowel regularity.
- Promotes Mucous Secretion: Glycyrrhizin may help increase the production of intestinal mucus, which can lubricate the digestive tract and make stool easier to pass.
- Stimulates Intestinal Motility: The compound can also mildly stimulate the muscles of the intestines, encouraging more frequent and effective bowel contractions.
- Affects Mineral Balance: In large quantities, glycyrrhizin can affect the body's mineral balance, causing it to retain sodium and excrete more potassium. This disruption can increase fluid content in the bowels, potentially leading to looser stools or diarrhea in sensitive individuals.
Forms of Licorice and Their Digestive Impact
It is important to recognize that not all licorice products are created equal when it comes to digestive effects. The form and amount of licorice consumed significantly impact its potential laxative properties. Whole licorice root, often used in teas and tinctures, contains the full spectrum of compounds, including glycyrrhizin. In contrast, many licorice-flavored candies, particularly red varieties, contain very little or no real licorice root extract and are unlikely to have any notable digestive effect. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a processed form where the glycyrrhizin has been removed, eliminating most of the risk of side effects.
Traditional Versus Modern Medical Evidence
While traditional practices widely acknowledge licorice's digestive benefits, modern scientific evidence is more cautious. Much of the current research on licorice focuses on its gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, particularly related to stomach ulcers and liver health. There is limited robust clinical research that isolates and proves licorice's specific laxative effect in adults, though some studies suggest benefit when used in multi-herbal preparations.
Potential Risks and Considerations
While licorice can be a natural remedy, it is not without risks, especially when consumed in large quantities or over prolonged periods. The side effects are almost always associated with high levels of glycyrrhizin and can be particularly dangerous for certain individuals.
Comparison Table: Glycyrrhizin vs. DGL Licorice
| Feature | Glycyrrhizin-Containing Licorice | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Digestive Effect | Mild laxative due to increased intestinal motility and mucus secretion. | Soothing and protective effect on the stomach lining, with minimal to no laxative action. |
| Primary Uses | Traditional remedy for constipation, cough, and anti-inflammatory support. | Modern supplement for acid reflux, heartburn, and peptic ulcers. |
| Primary Risk | High intake can cause mineral imbalances, high blood pressure, and low potassium. | Generally considered very safe, with minimal side effect risk. |
| Suitable For | Healthy individuals in moderation, with precautions for prolonged or high-dose use. | Individuals with sensitive digestion or conditions like hypertension, seeking licorice's benefits without risks. |
Who Should Avoid Glycyrrhizin-Containing Licorice?
- Individuals with Hypertension: Licorice can increase blood pressure by causing the body to retain sodium and water.
- Those with Heart or Kidney Conditions: The effect on electrolytes and blood pressure can exacerbate existing heart failure or kidney problems.
- Pregnant Women: High intake of licorice is considered unsafe during pregnancy and is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery.
- People on Certain Medications: Licorice can interact with several medications, including diuretics, blood thinners, and corticosteroids.
Exploring Safer Alternatives
For those needing reliable laxative action without the risks of glycyrrhizin, several safer and more well-researched natural options are available. These include increased dietary fiber from fruits and vegetables, drinking plenty of water, and incorporating probiotic-rich foods. Bulk-forming natural laxatives like psyllium husk or flaxseed are also effective options.
Conclusion
Yes, licorice does possess mild laxative properties, primarily due to the compound glycyrrhizin found in the root. This effect is traditionally recognized and is thought to work by stimulating intestinal muscles and promoting mucus production. However, the intensity of this effect is dose-dependent and can be accompanied by serious side effects, such as elevated blood pressure and electrolyte imbalances, especially with long-term or high consumption. Modern scientific research supporting its laxative use is limited compared to anecdotal and traditional evidence. For those seeking digestive relief, safer alternatives like high-fiber foods and deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) supplements—which have the problematic compound removed—are often recommended. It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional before using licorice for medicinal purposes, particularly if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.
Authoritative Source
For comprehensive guidance on the safe use and potential risks of herbal supplements, including licorice root, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), provides reliable information. Licorice Root: Usefulness and Safety
