The root of the liquorice plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra, is far more than just a sweet flavouring. Its potent medicinal properties have been revered in traditional medicine for centuries, a testament to its unique blend of bioactive compounds. By understanding how these compounds interact with different bodily systems, we can appreciate the full scope of how liquorice helps the body.
The Active Compounds in Liquorice
Glycyrrhizin and Flavonoids
The pharmacological effects of liquorice are primarily attributed to its triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin, and various flavonoids. Glycyrrhizin is the compound responsible for the root's characteristic sweet taste and many of its therapeutic actions. However, it is also the component linked to some side effects, which is why some products are deglycyrrhizinated (DGL). Glycyrrhizin is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. The flavonoids in liquorice, such as glabridin, provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Digestive System Support
Liquorice's ability to soothe and protect the gastrointestinal tract is one of its most well-documented benefits. It has a demulcent effect, which means it forms a protective barrier over the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines.
Calming Acid Reflux and Indigestion
Research suggests that liquorice root extract can effectively relieve symptoms of acid reflux and indigestion. It is thought to inhibit the secretion of gastric acid while also reducing inflammation in the digestive tract. Some studies found that a daily intake of liquorice root was more effective over a two-year period than standard antacids for managing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms.
Combating Peptic Ulcers
Peptic ulcers are often caused by the H. pylori bacterium. Liquorice has been shown to have antimicrobial effects against this bacterium, and studies have found that adding liquorice extract to conventional medication can help eradicate the infection more effectively. Furthermore, liquorice flavonoids can increase mucus production and protect the stomach lining, promoting the healing of ulcers.
Respiratory Health Benefits
For millennia, liquorice has been a staple in treatments for respiratory issues, and modern science confirms its soothing properties.
Soothing Sore Throats and Coughs
Acting as a demulcent and expectorant, liquorice soothes mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. This reduces irritation and calms coughs. Liquorice has been traditionally used to relieve sore throat pain, with some studies suggesting that a liquorice gargle before surgery is as effective as conventional medication at preventing a post-operative sore throat.
Acting as an Expectorant
Liquorice helps thin and loosen mucus in the lungs, making it easier to expel. This makes it a valuable remedy for conditions like bronchitis and other issues involving excessive mucus production.
Skin Health and Appearance
Liquorice extract has gained popularity in dermatology for its ability to address a variety of skin concerns.
Targeting Hyperpigmentation
An active compound called glabridin inhibits the enzyme tyrosinase, which is responsible for melanin production. This helps to even out skin tone, fade dark spots, and reduce hyperpigmentation caused by sun damage or acne scars.
Anti-inflammatory Effects on Skin
Liquorice's potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties make it a powerful tool for soothing skin conditions. It can reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation associated with issues like eczema and acne. Some research has even found topical applications to be comparable to hydrocortisone cream for treating eczema.
Comparison of Standard Licorice vs. DGL
For consumers, it is important to understand the difference between standard liquorice extract and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL).
| Feature | Standard Liquorice Extract | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin | Present | Removed |
| Blood Pressure Risk | Potential for increase with chronic/high dose use. | No risk of blood pressure increase. |
| Adrenal Support | Supports adrenal gland function by inhibiting cortisol breakdown. | Less effective for adrenal support due to glycyrrhizin removal. |
| Digestive Benefits | Soothes digestion and combats H. pylori. | Primarily used for soothing digestive issues like indigestion and acid reflux. |
| Best For | Short-term use under medical supervision for specific conditions like hepatitis C. | Long-term use for gastrointestinal support, especially for those with hypertension. |
Immune and Anti-inflammatory Properties
Beyond its targeted benefits, liquorice has a systemic anti-inflammatory effect that benefits the entire body. Its active compounds, like glycyrrhizin, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce oxidative stress. Liquorice also acts as an immune system booster by stimulating immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages, which helps the body fight off infections.
Other Potential Health Applications
Liquorice has a wide array of other studied applications:
- Liver Protection: Glycyrrhizin has hepatoprotective effects and is used in Japan to manage chronic hepatitis.
- Menopausal Symptoms: Phytoestrogenic properties in liquorice may help balance hormone levels and reduce the frequency of hot flashes.
- Oral Health: Anti-microbial properties help fight bacteria that cause cavities, and liquorice may also help soothe canker sores.
- Adrenal Support: By inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down cortisol, liquorice can help prolong the half-life of cortisol, benefiting those with adrenal fatigue.
Conclusion
Liquorice offers a broad spectrum of benefits, from supporting digestive and respiratory health to improving skin and boosting immune function. Its powerful compounds, particularly glycyrrhizin and flavonoids, provide anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects that have been utilized for centuries. However, as with any potent herb, potential side effects, particularly from long-term, high-dose consumption of non-DGL varieties, must be considered. When used thoughtfully, and with professional medical guidance, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or are on medication, liquorice remains a valuable natural remedy for promoting overall well-being. For more in-depth information, you can refer to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
