The Dangerous Compound in Apricot Kernels
Apricot kernels, the seeds found inside the hard pits of apricots, contain a naturally occurring substance called amygdalin. While amygdalin is relatively harmless on its own, it transforms into a highly toxic chemical, cyanide, once it is ingested and broken down by enzymes in the gut. Cyanide is a fast-acting poison that can have severe and sometimes fatal consequences, particularly when consumed in high doses.
Why Raw Kernels are Dangerous
When the hard kernel is crushed or chewed, it releases the amygdalin, which can then be converted into cyanide. The concentration of amygdalin varies significantly between kernels, with bitter apricot varieties containing much higher levels than sweet ones. The body can detoxify and eliminate small amounts of cyanide, but ingesting a large quantity over a short period can quickly overwhelm this natural process, leading to a medical emergency. This is why raw kernels, which retain all their amygdalin, pose the highest risk of acute poisoning.
Official Safety Guidelines and Recommended Limits
Because of the risk of cyanide poisoning, multiple international and national food safety authorities have issued strong warnings and guidelines regarding the consumption of raw apricot kernels. These recommendations are based on a safe acute reference dose (ARfD) for cyanide.
How many apricot kernels are safe to eat for adults?
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Recommends strict limits for adult consumption, noting that even a small number of kernels can exceed safe levels.
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR): Advises limiting the consumption of bitter apricot kernels.
- WebMD: Suggests a conservative daily limit for adults.
It is important to understand that even small quantities of raw apricot kernels can be harmful, and adhering to these strict guidelines is crucial for safety.
Apricot kernels and children
- WebMD, EFSA, BfR, and Singapore Food Agency: Strongly advise that children should not consume raw apricot kernels at all. Children are particularly vulnerable to cyanide poisoning due to their lower body weight.
The Debunked Myth of "Vitamin B17"
For decades, amygdalin and a semi-synthetic version called Laetrile were promoted as alternative cancer treatments, often under the false name "Vitamin B17". There is no credible scientific evidence to support this claim, and numerous studies have shown it is both ineffective and highly dangerous. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other health organizations have not approved amygdalin or Laetrile for any medical use. Reliance on these unproven claims and consuming large quantities of raw apricot kernels can lead to fatal cyanide poisoning. National Cancer Institute (NCI) provides a detailed overview of the history and dangers associated with this fraudulent treatment.
Raw vs. Processed Apricot Kernels: A Comparison
To understand the different levels of risk, it is important to distinguish between raw and processed kernels.
| Feature | Raw Apricot Kernels | Processed Apricot Kernels (Boiled) | Processed Apricot Kernels (Roasted) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyanide Content | High due to intact amygdalin. | Significantly reduced, often by over 90%, making them safer. | Roasting, especially unskinned kernels, is not an effective way to remove cyanide and is not considered safe. |
| Taste | Can be bitter, especially the bitter variety. | Milder, more similar to almonds. | Taste can be affected by the roasting process. |
| Safety for Consumption | Not safe for regular consumption; strict daily limits apply to minimize poisoning risk. | Safe for consumption when properly prepared, as in some Chinese soups or desserts. | Not safe; roasting does not adequately remove the toxins. |
| Recommendations | Eat raw only within very strict limits, if at all. Avoid entirely for children. | Safe to eat as an ingredient in recipes where they have been properly boiled. | Not recommended for consumption. |
Recognizing the Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning
Cyanide poisoning can occur rapidly after consuming toxic levels of amygdalin. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include:
- Mild to moderate symptoms:
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever
- Insomnia
- Lethargy
- Muscle and joint pain
- Anxiety
- Drooping eyelids
- Weakness
- Severe symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing and shortness of breath
- Confusion
- Decreased heart rate
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
- Coma
- Cardiovascular collapse
- Death
If you or someone you know experiences these symptoms after consuming apricot kernels, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Safe Consumption and Alternatives
Given the clear risks, the safest approach is to avoid consuming raw apricot kernels altogether. If you are interested in the potential health benefits of apricots (such as fiber and vitamins) you can safely consume:
- The fruit itself: The delicious flesh of the apricot contains no cyanide and is perfectly safe to eat.
- Sweet apricot kernel oil: Processed, purified oil can be used in cooking or cosmetic products.
- Properly processed kernels: Only consume cooked apricot kernels, such as those used in some traditional Chinese recipes, where boiling for a prolonged period (e.g., 30 minutes) neutralizes the toxins.
Conclusion: Prioritize Safety Over Anecdotal Claims
In summary, the number of raw apricot kernels that are safe to eat is extremely low and depends on the kernel size and variety. Health authorities strongly recommend strict limits for adults and advise against consumption for children. The danger stems from amygdalin, which converts to fatal cyanide in the body. Do not be swayed by unsubstantiated claims about cancer-fighting properties, as these have been widely debunked and are associated with a high risk of poisoning. By understanding these risks and choosing safer alternatives like the fruit itself or properly processed kernels, you can enjoy the benefits of apricots without endangering your health.
Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and should not be taken as medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional before making health decisions.
