The Core Culprit: Glycyrrhizin
Black licorice contains glycyrrhizin, a compound derived from the licorice root. This gives it its distinctive flavor and sweetness, being significantly sweeter than sugar. However, large amounts of glycyrrhizin can have substantial side effects.
How Glycyrrhizin Affects the Body
In the body, glycyrrhizin is converted to glycyrrhetinic acid, which impacts an enzyme in the kidneys. This interference leads to increased levels of cortisol, a hormone similar to aldosterone. This process, called pseudohyperaldosteronism, results in the following:
- Fluid Retention: The kidneys retain more sodium and water, increasing blood volume.
- Elevated Blood Pressure: The increased blood volume can dangerously raise blood pressure.
- Reduced Potassium: Sodium retention causes the kidneys to excrete potassium, leading to low levels of this vital electrolyte.
Life-Threatening Complications of Excessive Consumption
High, prolonged licorice consumption can be life-threatening. Low potassium can cause weakness, fatigue, and dangerous irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). Severe cases have resulted in heart failure or cardiac arrest. Individuals over 40 and those with heart, kidney, or blood pressure problems face a much higher risk.
Black Licorice vs. Red Licorice: A Key Difference
Most red licorice in the U.S. does not contain licorice root extract; it's typically flavored with anise oil and sugar. While still a sugary candy, red licorice does not carry the same glycyrrhizin-related risks as black licorice.
Comparison of Licorice Candies
| Feature | Black Licorice (with Glycyrrhizin) | Red Licorice (Anise-Flavored) |
|---|---|---|
| Active Compound | Glycyrrhizin | Anise Oil, Artificial Flavors |
| Primary Health Concern | Glycyrrhizin toxicity (hypertension, hypokalemia) | High sugar content, calories |
| Effect on Blood Pressure | Can raise blood pressure in high doses | No direct effect on blood pressure |
| Effect on Potassium | Can cause low potassium levels | No effect on potassium levels |
| Risk for Heart Conditions | High risk with excessive, prolonged intake | No specific risk beyond general sugar intake |
| FDA Warning | Yes, specific warnings issued for overconsumption | No specific warnings related to licorice root |
Recommendations for Safe Consumption
Small, occasional amounts of black licorice are generally safe for most healthy adults. The FDA advises those over 40 to avoid consuming more than two ounces (about 57 grams) daily for two weeks, as this amount has been linked to irregular heart rhythms.
Individuals with hypertension, heart disease, kidney issues, or pregnant women should ideally avoid black licorice. Consult a healthcare provider if you take medications affecting blood pressure or potassium.
Long-Term vs. Short-Term Consumption
Chronic, long-term intake of black licorice, even in smaller amounts, can lead to cumulative problems. The effects of glycyrrhizin on electrolyte balance build over time, posing a greater risk than a single indulgence.
The Bottom Line on How Unhealthy Is Licorice Candy
How unhealthy licorice candy is depends on the type and amount. Red licorice is similar to other sugary candies. Black licorice, however, carries specific and more serious cardiovascular risks due to glycyrrhizin. Moderate intake is advised for healthy adults, while at-risk individuals should be extremely cautious or avoid it. Always check ingredient lists, as licorice root extract is also in some teas and supplements.
Conclusion
Understanding glycyrrhizin is crucial to recognizing why black licorice is more than just a sweet. While occasional consumption is likely safe for many, the serious risks for at-risk individuals and heavy consumers cannot be ignored. Enjoy licorice in moderation, be aware of your health, and read labels to make informed choices. Seek medical attention for symptoms like muscle weakness or irregular heart rhythms after consumption.
{Link: Healthline https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/black-licorice-death}
