What is E122 (Carmoisine)?
E122 is a synthetic azo dye used to give foods and beverages a red to maroon color. Produced artificially from coal tar derivatives, it's also known by the names Azorubine and Food Red 3. Because of its heat stability and low cost, it is commonly used in a wide range of processed products, from sweets and jams to canned fruits and instant soups. It is important to distinguish between naturally sourced and artificially created colorants, as their health implications can differ significantly.
Potential Health Concerns Associated with E122
Concerns surrounding E122 have persisted for years, prompting numerous studies and policy changes in different parts of the world. While some regulatory bodies maintain its safety within acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels, others have taken a more cautious approach.
Link to Hyperactivity in Children
One of the most prominent concerns linked to E122 is its potential connection to hyperactivity in children. A landmark 2007 study, often referred to as the 'Southampton study,' found a link between a mixture of food dyes (including E122) and increased hyperactivity in children aged 3 to 9. This research was a catalyst for regulatory action across Europe. Consequently, EU regulations now mandate that any food or beverage containing E122 must carry a warning label stating, 'may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children'. The exact mechanism for this effect is still under investigation, but the link is strong enough for health authorities to issue warnings.
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
E122 is an azo dye, a class of compounds known to cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:
- Hives and skin rashes
- Itching
- Wheezing or asthma symptoms
- Water retention
Individuals who are intolerant to aspirin appear to be at a higher risk of reacting to E122. In extreme cases, a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is possible, although rare.
Other Health Risks
Beyond hyperactivity and allergies, some sources have raised further concerns, though the evidence is not as conclusive:
- Carcinogenicity: Studies have been conducted to assess the carcinogenic potential of azorubine, but regulatory bodies like the WHO have found no clear evidence of a link to tumors in humans. Some animal studies have shown mixed results, and definitive human data remains inconclusive.
- Intestinal Issues: Some research suggests that E122 may contain aluminum compounds, which could affect the intestinal microbiome and immune system, potentially promoting inflammation in mice.
- Pregnancy and Lactation: Due to the potential risks and the developing immune systems of infants, some health authorities and doctors advise against consuming products with E122 during pregnancy and lactation.
E122 Regulations: A Global Perspective
International food safety bodies and national governments have taken vastly different approaches to regulating E122, highlighting the ongoing debate about its safety. This regulatory disparity reflects different interpretations of the available scientific evidence.
Comparison of E122 Regulations
| Feature | European Union | United States | Norway, Sweden, Japan | Other Countries (e.g., Australia) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Status | Permitted (with restrictions) | Banned | Banned | Restricted (often uses warning labels) |
| Usage | Requires mandatory 'hyperactivity' warning label on products. ADI established. | Prohibited for use in foods and beverages. | Prohibited for use in foods and beverages. | Often permitted but with specific labeling requirements or restrictions on certain product types. |
| Reason | Citing the Southampton study, the EU requires labeling to inform consumers, particularly parents of children, about potential adverse effects. | Historically prohibited along with other artificial colors due to safety concerns and lack of proven benefits. | Follows a strict, precautionary approach to food additives, prioritizing potential health risks. | Varies by country, often aligned with EU or Codex Alimentarius standards, balancing use with potential risks. |
Natural Alternatives to E122
For consumers and manufacturers seeking to avoid synthetic dyes like E122, several natural alternatives offer vibrant color without the associated health risks. These alternatives are often plant-based and come with added health benefits, such as antioxidant properties.
- Beetroot (E162): Provides a natural red color and is rich in antioxidants. It is commonly used in yogurts, desserts, and meat substitutes.
- Anthocyanins (E163): These pigments, found in fruits like berries and grapes, offer red, purple, and blue hues. They are rich in antioxidants and are increasingly used in beverages and dairy products.
- Cochineal Extract (E120): A natural red dye derived from insects. While not vegan, it's a natural alternative to synthetic dyes. Some people can be allergic to it, however.
Who Should Be Cautious About E122 Consumption?
While E122 is not universally considered 'unsafe' in regions where it is permitted, certain groups should be especially cautious:
- Parents: Given the strong link to hyperactivity, parents of young children may choose to avoid products containing E122, especially if their child has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or exhibits behavioral issues.
- Individuals with Allergies: Those with a history of asthma or allergies, particularly to aspirin or other azo dyes, should be vigilant about avoiding E122.
- Pregnant and Lactating Women: As a precautionary measure, avoiding unnecessary food additives like E122 is often recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Conclusion
The question of whether is E122 safe to take is complex and depends heavily on who is consuming it and in what quantity. While food safety authorities like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have established Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) limits, a significant body of evidence, including the Southampton study, has linked E122 to hyperactivity in children. This, along with its potential for triggering allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, underscores the need for caution.
Ultimately, informed consumers can navigate this issue by carefully reading product labels, staying aware of regulatory differences across countries, and considering natural alternatives. The fact that many countries have banned or severely restricted E122 serves as a strong indicator that its safety is far from universally accepted.
EFSA opinion on E122: For more detailed information on European food safety evaluations, you can visit the EFSA Journal website regarding their re-evaluation of Azorubine/Carmoisine (E 122) in 2009.
