The Dual Nature of Liquorice Root: Glycyrrhizin
Liquorice root contains over 300 compounds, but its primary active ingredient is glycyrrhizin, which is 30 to 50 times sweeter than sugar. This compound is responsible for both the root's sweet taste and its most significant health concerns. Glycyrrhizin acts in a manner similar to the hormone aldosterone, which regulates salt and water in the body. When consumed in high amounts, it can cause the body to retain sodium and excrete potassium, leading to severe health issues.
Potential Side Effects of Overconsumption
Excessive chewing or intake of liquorice root can lead to a number of adverse effects, primarily due to the glycyrrhizin content. These can range from mild discomfort to serious, life-threatening conditions. Some of the most common issues include:
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Increased sodium retention can significantly raise blood pressure.
- Low Potassium Levels (Hypokalemia): The increased excretion of potassium can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, and abnormal heart rhythms.
- Water Retention (Edema): The body holding onto excess sodium and water can cause swelling, particularly in the legs and feet.
- Cardiac Issues: Severe side effects can include irregular heartbeat and, in rare cases, cardiac arrest.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Prolonged use can affect cortisol levels and interfere with hormone-sensitive conditions.
Who Should Avoid Chewing Liquorice Root?
Due to the risks associated with glycyrrhizin, several groups of people should avoid consuming liquorice root, especially in large amounts or for prolonged periods.
- Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: High consumption during pregnancy is unsafe and can increase the risk of premature delivery.
- Individuals with Heart Conditions: Those with heart failure, arrhythmia, or other heart conditions should not consume liquorice, as it can worsen their condition.
- People with High Blood Pressure: Since liquorice can raise blood pressure, individuals with existing hypertension should avoid it.
- Those with Kidney or Liver Disease: Large amounts can worsen kidney function and should be avoided.
- People with Low Potassium: As liquorice can further lower potassium, those with hypokalemia should not use it.
- Individuals on Specific Medications: Liquorice can interact with various drugs, including diuretics, blood thinners (warfarin), blood pressure medications, and corticosteroids.
Benefits When Chewed Safely and in Moderation
Despite the risks of overconsumption, chewing liquorice root in moderation can offer some traditional and scientifically supported benefits.
Oral Health
- Natural Toothbrush: The fibrous stick acts as a natural toothbrush, helping to clean teeth and stimulate saliva production, which neutralizes acids and washes away food particles.
- Combats Cavity-Causing Bacteria: Research suggests compounds in liquorice root can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a primary bacteria involved in cavity formation.
- Reduces Gum Inflammation: Anti-inflammatory properties may help soothe and heal gingivitis and oral ulcers.
Digestive and Respiratory Support
- Soothes Upset Stomach: Traditionally used to ease digestive discomfort, indigestion, and heartburn.
- Relieves Sore Throat: The soothing properties are believed to help relieve throat irritation and quiet coughs.
- Aids Peptic Ulcers: Studies have shown that liquorice extract can help treat peptic ulcers by fighting H. pylori bacteria.
Whole Liquorice Root vs. DGL: A Comparison
To mitigate the risks of glycyrrhizin, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) products are available. The table below highlights the key differences.
| Feature | Whole Liquorice Root | DGL (Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Present (up to 25% dry weight) | Removed or greatly reduced |
| Effect on Blood Pressure | Can significantly raise it with high or prolonged use | Considered safe for people with high blood pressure |
| Effect on Potassium | Can cause levels to drop (hypokalemia) | No impact on potassium levels |
| Best For | Short-term chewing for immediate oral benefits in healthy individuals | Long-term digestive support or use by sensitive groups |
| Safety Warning | High risk of side effects with chronic or excessive use | Much safer for long-term use, though professional consultation is still recommended |
How to Chew Liquorice Root Safely
If you are not in a high-risk group and wish to chew liquorice root, follow these guidelines to minimize risk:
- Practice Moderation: Chew only small amounts occasionally, not daily or in large quantities. This is particularly important for raw root sticks.
- Keep it Short-Term: Avoid using it for prolonged periods (more than a few weeks) without consulting a healthcare professional.
- Monitor for Side Effects: Be aware of any unusual symptoms like swelling, muscle weakness, or increased heart rate. If they occur, stop use immediately.
- Consider DGL: For consistent, long-term therapeutic use, especially for digestive issues, choose DGL products.
- Consult a Professional: Always speak with a doctor or registered dietitian, particularly if you have pre-existing health conditions or take other medications.
Conclusion
While chewing liquorice root can offer some minor health benefits, particularly for oral hygiene, the presence of glycyrrhizin means its safety is not guaranteed. For most healthy adults, occasional, moderate use is unlikely to cause issues. However, individuals with heart problems, high blood pressure, kidney disease, or who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid it entirely. Long-term or excessive use carries serious risks, including cardiac complications. When seeking therapeutic benefits, consider safer alternatives or deglycyrrhizinated (DGL) products under professional guidance. The takeaway is clear: enjoy with caution and in moderation, or better yet, opt for a glycyrrhizin-free version. For more information on licorice and its compounds, see the NCCIH website.
