What happens when you swallow a piece of gum?
When you accidentally swallow a single piece of gum, your digestive system treats the indigestible gum base similarly to other fibrous, non-digestible items like corn kernels or fruit skins. The gum base, composed of synthetic rubbers and resins, cannot be broken down by the stomach's acids. The rest of the ingredients, including the sweeteners and flavorings, are absorbed by the body. The gum wad then travels through the digestive tract and is excreted in the stool within a few days, not years.
The dangers of excessive swallowing
While a single piece is usually not an issue, repeatedly swallowing gum or consuming a very large quantity can be problematic. This is a particular concern for children, who may swallow multiple pieces in a short period. The undigested gum can clump together with other materials, forming a mass called a bezoar. This bezoar can cause an intestinal blockage, which can lead to serious health complications requiring medical intervention or even surgery. Symptoms of an intestinal blockage include abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting, and a feeling of fullness.
Sugar vs. sugar-free gum: A breakdown of health impacts
Not all gum is created equal, and the type you choose affects your overall health, even without swallowing it. The primary difference lies in the sweeteners used and their effects on dental and digestive health.
Comparison table: Sugary vs. sugar-free gum
| Feature | Sugary Gum | Sugar-Free Gum |
|---|---|---|
| Dental Health | Sugar feeds oral bacteria, leading to plaque, increased acidity, and tooth decay. | Sweetened with sugar alcohols (e.g., xylitol) or artificial sweeteners, which do not promote cavities. |
| Digestion | High sugar intake can contribute to metabolic issues if consumed excessively. | Sugar alcohols can cause digestive issues like bloating, gas, cramping, and diarrhea, especially in large amounts. |
| Caloric Impact | Contains calories from sugar that can add up with frequent chewing. | Generally very low in calories, making it a better option for weight management. |
| Oral Benefits | No oral health benefits; detrimental to teeth due to sugar content. | Stimulates saliva flow, which neutralizes plaque acids, washes away food debris, and remineralizes tooth enamel. |
Additional risks of chewing gum
Beyond the ingredients, the act of chewing gum itself can present health considerations, particularly for frequent chewers. These issues are tied to the repetitive mechanical motion and the ingredients' effects on the digestive tract.
- Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Issues: Constant, aggressive chewing can overwork the jaw muscles, leading to pain, soreness, and headaches. This is especially relevant for those with pre-existing TMJ disorders.
- Digestive Discomfort: Chewing can cause you to swallow excess air, leading to bloating, gas, and abdominal pain. This is exacerbated by the laxative effect of sugar alcohols found in many sugar-free gums.
- Microplastic Exposure: A recent pilot study presented at the American Chemical Society suggested that both synthetic and natural gum bases can release microplastic particles into the saliva during chewing. While the long-term health effects are still being researched, this is a point of concern for some consumers.
- Artificial Sweetener Concerns: Some artificial sweeteners, like aspartame, have raised ongoing controversy regarding potential links to cancer and other health issues, although regulatory bodies generally deem them safe in moderate amounts. Other studies suggest artificial sweeteners can negatively affect gut microbiota.
How to chew gum responsibly
If you enjoy chewing gum, being mindful of your habits and choices can help mitigate potential risks.
- Opt for sugar-free gum. Choose gum that is sweetened with xylitol, as it has been shown to reduce harmful bacteria in the mouth.
- Chew in moderation. Limit chewing time to 15–20 minutes after meals to help clear food debris and neutralize acids, without overworking your jaw.
- Avoid swallowing gum. This is the easiest way to prevent any risk of intestinal blockages, especially for children.
- Consider natural alternatives. For those concerned about synthetic ingredients or microplastics, some brands offer gum made from natural chicle or other plant-based materials.
Conclusion
While the myth of gum staying in your stomach for seven years is unequivocally false, the question of whether it is unhealthy to eat gum involves a more nuanced answer. Swallowing a single piece of gum is unlikely to cause harm, but habitual or excessive swallowing, particularly in children, carries a small but real risk of intestinal blockage. Additionally, frequent chewing of sugary gum can harm dental health, while excessive chewing of any gum can lead to jaw issues or digestive discomfort. Making informed choices, like selecting sugar-free gum with xylitol and chewing in moderation, allows you to enjoy the benefits of gum while minimizing the associated health risks. For more authoritative information on the subject, you can explore resources from the American Dental Association, which has a seal of acceptance for sugar-free gum.
