The Environmental Working Group (EWG) is a non-profit organization that, since 2004, has annually published its 'Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce'. This guide lists the 'Dirty Dozen'—the 12 conventionally grown fruits and vegetables with the highest pesticide residues—and the 'Clean Fifteen'—those with the lowest. This report is based on test data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While EWG states its goal is to help consumers make informed decisions, critics question its methodology and the fear it can cause.
The EWG Dirty Dozen and Kale's Place
Yes, kale is one of the produce items that consistently appears on the EWG's Dirty Dozen list. In the 2025 report, kale, along with collard and mustard greens, was ranked third. Data analysis showed that conventionally grown kale samples contained detectable pesticide residues, even after being washed. Specific findings from past years highlighted the presence of pesticides like Dacthal (DCPA), classified by the EPA as a possible human carcinogen and banned in Europe since 2009. A single sample of conventionally grown kale was found to contain as many as 18 different pesticide residues.
The Debate Around the Dirty Dozen
While EWG's findings highlight the prevalence of pesticide residues, they don't provide the complete picture. The Alliance for Food and Farming, a trade group representing conventional and organic growers, argues that the list lacks scientific credibility and scares consumers into avoiding healthy produce. They point out that residues are typically well below the safety levels set by the EPA. Furthermore, EWG itself advises that the health benefits of eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whether conventional or organic, outweigh any potential risk from pesticide exposure. The key takeaway is to prioritize eating produce, and then decide how to mitigate concerns.
Making a Choice: Organic vs. Conventional Kale
Choosing between organic and conventional kale involves considering factors like pesticide exposure, cost, and nutritional content.
- Organic Kale: Is grown without synthetic pesticides, leading to significantly lower residue levels. Some studies suggest that organically grown kale might have slightly higher levels of certain nutrients, like fiber and some antioxidants. However, it often comes with a higher price tag.
- Conventional Kale: Uses synthetic pesticides to protect against pests, resulting in higher residue levels. It is generally more affordable and widely available. Critics of the EWG list emphasize that levels are typically below safe thresholds set by regulatory bodies.
A Practical Comparison
| Feature | Conventional Kale | Organic Kale |
|---|---|---|
| Pesticide Residue | High; consistently on the Dirty Dozen list. | Low; grown without synthetic pesticides. |
| Cost | Generally more affordable. | Can be significantly more expensive. |
| Nutrient Profile | Rich source of vitamins and minerals. | Some studies suggest slightly higher nutrient levels due to different growing conditions. |
| Availability | Readily available at most grocery stores. | Availability may vary depending on location and season. |
Your Nutritional Diet: Maximizing Benefits and Reducing Exposure
Regardless of your choice, the primary focus should be on getting enough fruits and vegetables in your diet. The nutritional benefits of kale are well-documented and crucial for health, including its high levels of vitamins A, C, and K, as well as powerful antioxidants.
Actionable steps to reduce pesticide intake:
- Wash thoroughly: Use cool, running water to rinse kale leaves.
- Use a baking soda soak: For a more rigorous cleaning, soak kale in a solution of 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 2 cups of water for 12-15 minutes, then rinse.
- Remove outer leaves: For conventionally grown leafy greens, removing and discarding the tough outer leaves can help reduce pesticide residue.
- Buy seasonally or locally: Produce that has traveled less may have fewer post-harvest chemicals.
- Incorporate other greens: Consider rotating with items on the 'Clean Fifteen' like cabbage, asparagus, and cauliflower.
Conclusion
So, is kale one of the dirty dozen? Yes, and it has appeared on the EWG's annual list for years due to pesticide residue findings. However, this information should not deter you from eating this incredibly nutritious leafy green. Whether you choose conventional or organic kale depends on your budget and personal preferences. The most important health consideration is to ensure you are eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. By incorporating proper washing techniques and being aware of your options, you can enjoy all the health benefits kale has to offer while minimizing your exposure to pesticides.
Here is a guide to the EWG's latest Shopper's Guide.
