The Fundamental Difference: A Natural Root vs. A Processed Candy
At the most basic level, the distinction between licorice root and black licorice is simple: one is a raw, unprocessed plant product, and the other is a manufactured confection. Licorice root comes from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant and has been used for millennia for its sweet flavor and therapeutic properties. Black licorice, the candy, is a processed treat made with a base of sugar, binders, and flavorings. The biggest point of confusion, however, arises from the fact that while some black licorice is flavored with real licorice root extract, many popular varieties—particularly in North America—use anise oil instead.
The Source and Composition of Licorice Root
Licorice root is an herb native to West Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe. The root itself contains a powerful, sweet-tasting compound called glycyrrhizin, which can be 30 to 50 times sweeter than table sugar. This natural sweetness, combined with its historical use in medicine, makes it a valuable botanical.
Licorice root is commercially processed in several ways, and its usage depends on the desired final product. Here are some of the most common preparations:
- Raw root: For brewing teas or for chewing as a simple treat.
- Extract: The root is boiled in water to release its sweet and medicinal compounds, which is then concentrated into a liquid or paste. This extract is used in everything from food flavoring to supplements.
- Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL): Processed licorice root that has had the potentially harmful glycyrrhizin compound removed. This is often used for medicinal purposes to avoid side effects.
The Manufacturing of Black Licorice Candy
Creating black licorice candy is a multi-step process involving many ingredients beyond just licorice extract. The recipe can also vary significantly by region. In countries like the Netherlands, genuine licorice root extract is standard, leading to a richer, more authentic flavor profile. In North America, the use of anise oil is far more common due to its lower cost and similar, though less complex, flavor.
Key steps in the production of black licorice candy typically include:
- Mixing the base: Ingredients like sugar, corn syrup, flour, and water are combined to form a thick paste.
- Adding flavor: Either licorice root extract or anise oil is added for flavoring, along with colorings.
- Cooking: The mixture is cooked until it reaches the desired consistency.
- Extrusion and molding: The hot mixture is forced through an extruder to form ropes, twists, or other shapes.
- Finishing: The candy is cooled, cut, and often coated with a vegetable oil or wax for a shiny finish.
Comparison: Licorice Root vs. Black Licorice Candy
| Feature | Licorice Root | Black Licorice Candy |
|---|---|---|
| Form | Raw, dried plant root. | Processed, manufactured confection. |
| Flavoring Compound | Contains glycyrrhizin, a natural compound. | May contain licorice root extract or anise oil. |
| Source | Glycyrrhiza glabra plant. | Food ingredients like sugar, corn syrup, flour, and flavorings. |
| Nutritional Profile | Herbal supplement with medicinal properties. | High in sugar and calories. |
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Varies by species and origin; can be high. | Depends on flavoring source; anise-flavored candy contains none. |
| Regional Variation | Primarily used for medicinal products and flavorings. | Recipes and ingredients vary significantly, especially between Europe and North America. |
Health Considerations and Risks
This distinction is not just a matter of flavor but has significant health implications, particularly concerning the compound glycyrrhizin. The presence of this compound in authentic licorice root and some black licorice candies requires cautious consumption.
Risks Associated with Glycyrrhizin
Large or chronic consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious health problems, including:
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Glycyrrhizin can affect the body's potassium levels, leading to increased blood pressure.
- Hypokalemia (Low Potassium): It causes the kidneys to excrete potassium, which can lead to muscle weakness and irregular heart rhythms.
- Cardiac Issues: Severe hypokalemia can cause cardiac arrest. The FDA has issued warnings, particularly for people over 40 who consume excessive amounts.
- Pregnancy Concerns: Large amounts of licorice consumption during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm delivery.
The Safety of Anise-Flavored Candy
For those who enjoy the flavor but wish to avoid the health risks of glycyrrhizin, black licorice candy made with anise oil is a safer alternative. However, this is still a candy and should be consumed in moderation due to its high sugar content.
The Role of DGL Products
For medicinal applications, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a key innovation. This form of licorice root has had the glycyrrhizin removed, allowing individuals to benefit from its other compounds—like its potential to aid in acid reflux or peptic ulcers—without the cardiovascular risks.
Conclusion: Know Your Ingredients
The key takeaway is that black licorice and licorice root are not the same, and the term "licorice" can refer to a natural plant, its extract, or a candy with a similar taste. The presence of the active compound glycyrrhizin is the most significant differentiating factor, carrying both medicinal benefits and potential health risks. Whether enjoying a natural licorice root product for its herbal properties or indulging in a black licorice candy, it is crucial to understand the ingredients. For those sensitive to glycyrrhizin or seeking to avoid it, checking product labels for "anise oil" or opting for "DGL" products is the best approach. The final decision on what to consume, and in what quantity, should be an informed one, considering both the taste and the health implications. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health offers further guidance on the safe use of licorice root.
