Differentiating Red 33 from the Banned Red 3
For decades, confusion has surrounded red dyes, primarily between FD&C Red No. 3 (also known as erythrosine) and D&C Red No. 33. The former, an artificial food colorant, was banned by the FDA for food and ingested drug use in January 2025 after a long-delayed regulatory process. The latter, Red 33, is a different chemical used in cosmetics and some medications, and its use is still permitted by the FDA under specific limitations. This difference in usage and regulatory status is key to understanding the safety of Red 33.
Why Was Red 3 (Erythrosine) Banned from Food?
The FDA's decision to ban FD&C Red No. 3 from food was based on studies conducted in the 1980s that showed it caused thyroid tumors in male laboratory rats when consumed in high doses. The ban, mandated by the Delaney Clause, finally addressed this issue over three decades after the initial findings. Other potential health concerns associated with Red No. 3 and other food dyes include neurobehavioral effects like hyperactivity in sensitive children.
Foods that formerly contained Red No. 3, but which must be reformulated by 2027, include:
- Maraschino cherries
- Some candies and frosting
- Select red-colored drinks and snacks
- Certain ingested medications
The Safety Profile of D&C Red 33
In contrast to Red No. 3, D&C Red 33 (CI 17200) has a different safety evaluation for its approved uses. As a drug and cosmetic dye, its use is regulated and considered safe by the FDA within those applications. Its approval is subject to limitations, such as not being used in cosmetics intended for the eye area, and maximum concentration limits in lip products.
Key facts about Red 33's safety:
- Not Linked to Cancer: Unlike Red No. 3, D&C Red 33 has not been found to cause cancer in animal studies and is not subject to the same regulatory bans for ingestion.
- Allergenic Potential: While generally safe for use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions in moderate doses, as noted by organizations like the EWG.
- Cosmetic Use: The European Union and the US allow its use in cosmetics like lipstick, makeup, and skin care, indicating a generally favorable safety profile for topical application.
Red 3 vs. Red 33: A Comparison
To highlight the key differences and prevent further confusion, here is a comparison table:
| Feature | FD&C Red No. 3 (Erythrosine) | D&C Red No. 33 (CI 17200) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Use | Formerly for Food & Ingested Drugs | Cosmetics & Externally-Applied Drugs |
| Carcinogen Link | Yes, caused thyroid cancer in high-dose rat studies. | No, not linked to cancer. |
| Regulatory Status (US Food) | Banned as of January 2025. | Not approved for food use. |
| Regulatory Status (US Cosmetics) | Banned since 1990. | Approved for use with limitations. |
| European Union Status | Mostly banned for food; small exception for cherries. | Permitted for use in cosmetics. |
| Health Concerns | Carcinogenic in animal models; linked to hyperactivity in children. | Potential for allergic reactions in some individuals. |
| Common Appearance | Bright cherry-red. | Purple-red or pink. |
How to Identify and Avoid Dyes in Your Diet and Cosmetics
For consumers, the most effective way to manage exposure to synthetic dyes is to carefully read ingredient labels. Regulations require manufacturers to list all color additives by their full name, such as “FD&C Red No. 3” or “D&C Red No. 33,” making identification straightforward.
- For food and ingested products, the upcoming ban on Red No. 3 will eventually eliminate it from the supply chain.
- For cosmetics, checking the ingredient list for “D&C Red No. 33” or its international designation “CI 17200” is crucial for those with sensitivities.
Natural Alternatives to Synthetic Dyes
As consumer demand for natural ingredients grows, many companies are turning to plant-based alternatives to create vibrant colors. These options offer a way to avoid both Red 3 and Red 33, while often providing additional health benefits like antioxidants.
Natural alternatives for red and pink coloring include:
- Beet juice or beet powder: Provides a rich red or deep pink hue.
- Purple sweet potato extract: Can create rich red and purple tones.
- Cochineal extract (carmine): A natural red dye derived from insects, commonly used in food and cosmetics.
- Anthocyanins: Found in berries and red cabbage, they offer red, purple, and blue tones.
Conclusion: Red 33 Is Not Red 3
In short, while both are synthetic dyes, it is critical not to confuse Red 33 with Red 3. The cancer concerns leading to the recent FDA ban apply specifically to Red 3 (erythrosine) when ingested. D&C Red 33 remains approved for use in cosmetics and some drugs, though individuals with sensitivities should be aware of its potential allergenic effects. For most consumers, the primary health concern regarding synthetic red dyes applies to the recently banned Red 3, not the cosmetic dye Red 33. As always, a healthy diet focuses on whole, unprocessed foods, which naturally limits exposure to artificial additives.
For more detailed information on FDA regulations regarding color additives, refer to the FDA's page on FD&C Red No. 3.
