The boxelder, also known as the ash-leaved maple, is a fast-growing, resilient tree native to North America. Unlike its more famous maple cousins, the boxelder has compound leaves and was historically undervalued, but its food potential is significant. While parts like the sap are a relatively straightforward edible, others require specific preparation to be consumed safely.
Edible Parts of the Boxelder Tree
Sap and Syrup
The most commonly known edible part of the boxelder is its sap, which can be tapped just like other maples. The tapping season, typically in early spring, is when rising temperatures trigger sap movement. The sugar content is generally lower than that of sugar maples, meaning more sap is needed to produce a gallon of syrup. The resulting syrup, sometimes called "mountain molasses," is often described as having a caramel or sorghum-like flavor. It is crucial to note that only the sap is edible; all other parts have different considerations.
Seeds (Samaras)
The winged seeds, called samaras, are also edible after proper processing, but this is an area that requires caution. The seeds contain the toxin hypoglycin A, which is fatal to horses, causing Seasonal Pasture Myopathy. While this toxin is not reported to be lethal to humans in the same manner, consuming the seeds raw is not recommended. To prepare them, the seeds must be cooked, and the fibrous wings should be removed. After processing, they have a nutty flavor and were historically used by Native Americans.
Young Leaves and Flowers
In early spring, the young leaves, buds, and flowers of the boxelder tree can be foraged. The young leaves can be cooked as a vegetable, though they are often bitter. Boiling can help reduce this bitterness. The flowers are also edible and can be cooked, particularly the male flowers which are considered to have a better flavor. As with any wild food, consume a small amount first to check for personal tolerance.
Inner Bark (Cambium)
The inner bark, or cambium, was traditionally eaten by Native American tribes as a survival food. It is fibrous and not highly palatable but can be boiled to make a sugary substance. This part of the tree should only be harvested with respect and understanding of the tree's health, as it requires stripping the bark.
Potential Dangers and Considerations
While several parts of the boxelder are edible, it is vital to be aware of the associated risks and proper preparation. Beyond the toxic seeds, contamination and misidentification are significant concerns for foragers.
- Hypoglycin A in Seeds: The seeds are toxic to horses and should never be given to livestock. Although toxicity to humans is not documented in the same way, always cook and prepare them properly.
- Pesticide Contamination: As boxelders often grow in urban or suburban areas, the tree can be exposed to pesticides and other chemicals. Always forage from a safe, uncontaminated source.
- Allergenicity: Boxelder pollen is a known allergen and can cause hay fever. Individuals with severe pollen allergies should be cautious, particularly around the flowers in the spring.
- Boxelder Bugs: The tree is a host for boxelder bugs, which are not harmful to humans but are a nuisance. While their presence doesn't affect the edibility of the tree, it is a key identifier and a good reason to wash any foraged parts thoroughly.
Comparison of Edible Maple Species
To put the boxelder's edible properties into context, a comparison with other common maple species is useful.
| Edible Maple Component | Boxelder (Acer negundo) | Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) | Red Maple (Acer rubrum) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sap for Syrup | Yes, viable but lower sugar content. | Excellent, very high sugar content. | Yes, but lower sugar content than sugar maple. |
| Seeds (Samaras) | Edible when cooked, but contain a toxin dangerous to horses. | Edible, generally less bitter and safer. | Edible, generally less bitter and safer. |
| Young Leaves | Edible when cooked, often bitter. | Edible, mild flavor. | Edible, mild flavor. |
| Inner Bark (Cambium) | Edible, survival food. | Edible, survival food. | Edible, survival food. |
| Overall Edibility | Multiple edible parts, but with specific toxicity concerns (seeds). | Safest and most prized for sap and syrup. | Widely edible, but leaves are toxic to horses (especially wilted). |
A Note on Responsible Foraging
Before harvesting any part of the boxelder or any wild plant, it is essential to be 100% certain of your identification. The boxelder is unique among maples for its compound leaves, which can be mistaken for poison ivy or ash saplings. The opposite branching pattern of the boxelder, contrasted with the alternate branching of poison ivy, is a key distinguishing feature. When in doubt, do not consume. Responsible foraging also means never taking more than you need and ensuring the health of the tree is not compromised. Outbound link for more identification help and information: Learn more about boxelder tree identification at the National Park Service website.
Conclusion
The boxelder tree is a viable source of several edible foods, particularly its sap for syrup and its young leaves and flowers for spring greens. Its seeds can also be consumed, but only after proper cooking to mitigate the toxin hypoglycin A, which is a lethal concern for horses. Historically, this resilient tree provided vital nutrients for Native Americans and early settlers across its wide North American range. For the modern forager, it represents a less common but still rewarding edible resource. However, its edibility is conditional and requires careful identification and preparation to avoid potential risks. As with all foraging, proceed with caution and only consume what you can confidently identify and prepare safely.
