What is Rennet and Why It Matters
Rennet is a complex of enzymes, primarily chymosin, used to coagulate milk during the cheesemaking process. This coagulation separates the milk into solid curds and liquid whey. Historically, rennet was obtained from the fourth stomach of a young, milk-fed ruminant animal, such as a calf, lamb, or kid. While this remains the traditional method, modern cheesemaking also uses vegetarian alternatives derived from microbial or plant-based sources. For individuals on a vegetarian diet or adhering to specific religious practices, knowing the source of the rennet is essential.
Why Some Companies Choose Animal Rennet
Cheesemakers choose animal rennet for several key reasons, largely related to tradition, flavor, and texture. The presence of both chymosin and pepsin in animal rennet contributes to a unique flavor profile and a firmer curd, particularly in aged cheeses.
Flavor and Aging
Animal rennet contains a specific mix of enzymes, including a small amount of pepsin, which influences the breakdown of proteins during the aging process. This is often considered vital for developing the rich, complex flavors and textures in long-aged cheeses, a quality that some cheesemakers believe cannot be fully replicated by other rennet types. For artisanal and traditional producers, this is a hallmark of authenticity and craftsmanship.
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
For many iconic European cheeses, the use of animal rennet is not just a preference—it's a legal requirement. Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or similar geographical indicator (GI) status dictates specific, traditional production methods. Examples of cheeses that must use animal rennet to be considered authentic include:
- Parmigiano-Reggiano (Italy)
- Pecorino Romano (Italy, traditionally uses lamb rennet)
- Roquefort (France, traditionally uses lamb rennet)
- Manchego (Spain, traditional versions)
- Grana Padano (Italy, often uses calf rennet)
Which Cheese Companies Use Animal Rennet?
While it is often difficult to know for certain without checking the packaging or contacting the company directly, several types of companies and brands are more likely to use animal rennet. Mass-market cheeses commonly use microbial or fermentation-produced rennet due to cost and wider appeal. However, artisanal, European, and specialty brands often adhere to traditional methods involving animal rennet.
European Imports: As noted above, cheeses with PDO or GI status from Europe are legally bound to traditional methods, which usually means animal rennet. When purchasing these imports from specialty stores, you can generally assume they are made with animal rennet unless specifically labeled otherwise.
Artisanal US Producers: Several smaller, craft cheesemakers in the United States prioritize traditional techniques and are known to use animal rennet. Some examples include:
- Shelburne Farms (Vermont): Their aged cheddars are made with traditional calf rennet.
- Jasper Hill Farm (Vermont): This artisan maker is mentioned as using animal rennet for some of their products.
- Beehive Cheese (Utah): Known for cheeses like Barely Buzzed, they use traditional rennet in some varieties.
- Simply Grassfed Cheeses: This brand explicitly uses organic animal rennet for all non-kosher cheeses.
Select Large Brands: Some larger companies may use animal rennet in specific, traditionally-styled products while using microbial rennet for their standard line. Tillamook, for example, previously recommended specific aged cheddars for those seeking animal rennet. Sargento also notes that its traditional Italian-style cheeses (like Parmesan and Romano) may contain animal enzymes, while most other products use non-animal sources.
How to Check for Animal Rennet
Since labeling laws are not always explicit, especially in the US, consumers must be vigilant. Here are the best methods:
- Read the Ingredient Label: Look for terms like “animal rennet,” “calf rennet,” “lamb rennet,” or simply “enzymes”. If it lists “microbial rennet,” “vegetarian rennet,” or “plant-based enzymes,” it's likely animal-free. If it just says “enzymes,” it could be either.
- Look for Certifications: Some labels, particularly on European cheeses, will confirm traditional methods. Conversely, many vegetarian and kosher cheeses will proudly state “vegetarian rennet” or display a kosher symbol.
- Contact the Manufacturer: This is the most reliable method for brands whose labels are unclear. A quick email or phone call can provide a definitive answer.
- Consult Specialty Retailers: Cheesemongers at specialty shops often have extensive knowledge of their products and can guide you to animal-rennet or vegetarian options.
Comparison of Rennet Sources
| Feature | Animal Rennet | Microbial Rennet | Plant-based Rennet |
|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Stomach lining of young ruminants (calf, lamb, kid). | Fungi, bacteria, or other microorganisms. | Plant parts like thistles, nettles, or figs. |
| Flavor Impact | Valued for developing complex flavors, especially in aged cheeses. | High quality, but some older varieties could impart bitterness in aged cheese. | Can impart unique, sometimes herbaceous or bitter, flavors. |
| Cost | Generally more expensive and limited in supply. | Cost-effective and widely available. | Often less common and used for specific artisanal types. |
| Common Use | Traditional, artisanal, and PDO European cheeses. | Mass-produced and commercial cheeses. | Specialty, farmhouse, and some traditional European cheeses. |
Conclusion
Understanding which cheese companies use animal rennet? is essential for making informed dietary decisions. While many large, commercial producers have shifted to microbial alternatives for cost and broader market appeal, traditional European cheeses and specialty artisanal makers often continue the practice for reasons of flavor, aging, and authenticity. By carefully checking labels, seeking out reputable cheesemongers, and contacting manufacturers when necessary, consumers can confidently navigate the world of cheese and ensure their choices align with their nutritional and ethical values. The availability of diverse rennet types means there's a delicious cheese option for every preference.
Additional Resources
For those interested in exploring vegetarian cheese options, The Spruce Eats provides a list of artisanal cheeses made with vegetarian rennet.
