Demystifying E-codes in Processed Foods
E-codes are a system for numbering food additives that have been approved for use within the European Union. These codes simplify ingredient lists, but they often obscure the origin of the additive. For individuals following a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, this can be a significant challenge, as many E-codes are sourced from animal products. By learning to identify these specific codes, consumers can confidently choose products that align with their dietary and ethical principles. The sources of these additives can range from insects and animal bones to hair and wool, and it is crucial to recognize the E-numbers associated with these non-vegetarian origins.
Always Animal-Derived E-codes
Certain E-codes are almost always derived from animal sources, making them a definite 'no' for strict vegetarians and vegans. These additives are extracted from animal by-products and serve various functions in food production.
Carmine (E120)
This is a red food colouring also known as cochineal, carminic acid, or Natural Red 4. It is extracted from the crushed bodies of the female cochineal scale insect.
- Usage: Found in yogurts, candies, red-coloured beverages, and some processed meats.
Gelatine (E441)
No longer required to be labelled with an E-number, gelatine is now often listed simply as 'gelatine'. It is a gelling agent made by boiling animal skin, bones, ligaments, and tendons, typically from pigs and cows.
- Usage: Common in marshmallows, gummy sweets, jellies, and some dairy products like yogurt.
Edible Bone Phosphate (E542)
As the name suggests, this anti-caking agent is made from ground animal bones. It is used in powdered food products and as a mineral supplement.
- Usage: Can be found in certain dry foods, toothpaste, and supplements.
Shellac (E904)
This is a glazing agent made from the resin secreted by the female lac bug. The beetles are often killed during the harvesting process.
- Usage: Gives a shiny coating to candies, some fresh produce, and certain pharmaceutical tablets.
L-Cysteine (E920, E921)
This amino acid is derived from animal hair (especially hog hair) and feathers. It is used as a flour treatment agent.
- Usage: Helps to soften dough and is found in some breads and baked goods. Synthetic, plant-based versions are also available but are more expensive.
E-codes with Ambiguous or Variable Sources
Some E-codes have origins that are not consistently animal-based. For these, it is essential to look for vegetarian or vegan certifications or to contact the manufacturer directly to confirm the source.
Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids (E471)
These emulsifiers and stabilizers can be sourced from either animal fats (pork or beef) or plant-based oils (like soy or palm). Without a 'vegan' or 'vegetarian' label, their origin is uncertain.
Disodium Inosinate (E631)
This flavour enhancer can be produced from meat or fish but can also be created via the bacterial fermentation of sugars. Its source is not always specified on the label.
Lanolin (E913)
This is a wax derived from sheep's wool. While the sheep are not killed for the product, its animal origin makes it unsuitable for vegans. It is primarily used to produce Vitamin D3, making fortified products a concern.
Lysozyme (E1105)
This enzyme is derived from chicken egg whites. It is used as a preservative, particularly in some cheeses.
Lactitol (E966)
Used as a sweetener, lactitol is derived from lactose, which is milk sugar from cow's milk.
Comparison of Non-Vegetarian Additives and Alternatives
To navigate labels effectively, it is helpful to know the vegetarian or vegan alternatives for common animal-derived additives.
| Non-Vegetarian Additive | Common Source | Vegetarian/Vegan Alternative | Where to Find Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|
| E120 (Carmine) | Crushed cochineal insects | Beetroot Red (E162), Lycopene (E160d), Anthocyanins (E163) | Naturally coloured candies, yogurts, and juices |
| E441 (Gelatine) | Animal bones, skin, tendons | Agar-Agar, Carrageenan (E407), Pectin, Guar Gum (E412) | Vegan jellies, desserts, and thickening agents |
| E542 (Edible Bone Phosphate) | Animal bones | Vegetable-derived phosphates | Some mineral supplements and anti-caking agents |
| E904 (Shellac) | Lac bug secretions | Carnauba Wax (E903), Plant-Based Glazes | Vegan confectionery, some coated produce |
| E920/921 (L-Cysteine) | Animal hair, feathers | Synthetic L-Cysteine from fermentation | Many modern bread and bakery products |
| E631 (Disodium Inosinate) | Meat or fish | Plant-based fermentation | Clearly labelled vegetarian flavour enhancers |
| E913 (Lanolin) | Sheep's wool wax | Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) | Some fortified plant-based milks and cereals |
Reading Labels for Non-Vegetarian Ingredients
To avoid inadvertently consuming animal products, practice careful and consistent label-reading. Remember that some companies use ambiguous terms. Look for products with clear 'vegetarian' or 'vegan' labels. It is also beneficial to keep a quick reference list of non-vegetarian E-codes, especially the ones that are consistently animal-derived. Be extra cautious with E-codes of variable origin, such as E471 and E631, and assume they are animal-based unless a certification states otherwise. For more detailed information on food additives, a helpful resource is Food-Info.net.
Conclusion
Navigating food labels can be complex for those on a vegetarian or vegan diet, but with the right knowledge, it becomes a simple and effective process. By memorizing a few key E-codes, such as E120 for insect-derived red colour and E441 for gelatine from bones, consumers can confidently identify and avoid animal-based additives. Furthermore, understanding which codes have variable origins, like E471 and E631, empowers individuals to dig deeper or opt for certified products. This vigilance is a key part of maintaining a diet aligned with ethical and health-based choices, ensuring that the food you consume is truly vegetarian or vegan.
