Discovering the Many Names of the Manuka Bush
The manuka plant (Leptospermum scoparium) is a prolific evergreen shrub native to New Zealand, and parts of southeastern Australia. While widely known as manuka, a Māori term, it has acquired several other common names over time and across different regions. The most recognizable alternative name is "tea tree," a moniker bestowed by Captain Cook's crew who used its leaves to brew a substitute for tea. Indigenous Māori also have their own name for the plant, kāhikatoa, which is still used today. In Australia, where another species produces a similar honey, the name "Jelly bush" is sometimes used. These different names often reflect the plant's history and its cultural significance.
The variability of the plant's form, from small creeping shrubs to taller trees, contributes to the range of descriptors it has received. The sharp-tipped, aromatic leaves are another key identifier, regardless of the name used. Over centuries, the Māori used the plant extensively in traditional rongoā medicine, with decoctions of the leaves and bark used to treat a variety of ailments, including fevers and joint pain. This deep-rooted use in herbal remedies predates its more modern commercial recognition, driven largely by the fame of manuka honey and oil.
The Key Distinction: Manuka vs. Australian Tea Tree
The shared common name "tea tree" can cause confusion between the New Zealand manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). While both belong to the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and possess antimicrobial properties, they are distinct species with notable differences in their chemical composition, properties, and aroma.
Comparing Manuka and Australian Tea Tree
| Feature | Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) | Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Native to New Zealand and parts of Australia | Native to Australia |
| Scent | Smoother, more pleasant, and earthy aroma | Strong, medicinal, and pungent scent |
| Chemical Marker | Methylglyoxal (MGO) is responsible for unique antibacterial properties | Terpinen-4-ol is the primary antimicrobial compound |
| Antibacterial Potency | Often cited as having significantly higher antibacterial activity against certain bacteria | Contains potent antimicrobial properties but generally less potent than manuka |
| Effect on Skin | Considered less irritating and more soothing on skin | Can cause skin irritation or dryness in some individuals |
| Well-Known Product | Manuka honey, valued for its unique antibacterial properties | Tea tree essential oil, a common antiseptic |
This table highlights why it is crucial to recognize the scientific names when purchasing products to ensure you get the properties you expect. For example, manuka oil is prized for its high concentration of triketones, which give it its potent antibacterial and antifungal capabilities, often exceeding those of Australian tea tree oil in strength.
The Commercial and Traditional Uses of Manuka
Beyond its identification, the manuka plant offers a range of valuable uses. The most famous is manuka honey, produced by bees that pollinate the plant's delicate flowers. This honey is globally recognized for its powerful antibacterial properties, largely attributed to the compound methylglyoxal (MGO). The Unique Manuka Factor (UMF) rating system was developed to certify the honey's authenticity and potency.
Traditional Māori uses:
- Medicinal Teas: Infusions from the leaves were drunk for urinary ailments and to reduce fevers.
- Wound Healing: The bark was used to make water containers, and a poultice from the inner bark and leaves was applied to wounds and burns.
- Vapour Baths: Steam from boiled leaves was inhaled to treat head colds and clear congestion.
- Sedatives: Chewing the bark was said to have a relaxing effect and aid sleep.
Modern commercial applications:
- Essential Oil: Manuka essential oil is extracted from the leaves and used in cosmetics, skincare products, and aromatherapy for its calming, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects.
- Skincare: Manuka honey is a popular ingredient in face masks, creams, and cleansers for its hydrating and antibacterial qualities.
- Culinary: Manuka sawdust is used for smoking meats and fish, imparting a distinctive flavor.
Habitat and Cultivation
The manuka plant is remarkably hardy and versatile, thriving in a wide range of environments from coastal cliffs to alpine regions up to 1800 meters. It is a pioneer species, one of the first to colonize disturbed or eroded land, which has led to some landowners considering it a nuisance plant. Its dense growth helps prevent soil erosion and its presence enriches the soil, providing a nursery for slower-growing native species. It is tolerant of poor soil conditions, wind, drought, and frost, making it a robust and adaptable plant.
For those interested in cultivating it, manuka prefers full sun and well-drained soil. It is important to note that while manuka and its close relative, kānuka (Kunzea ericoides), can look very similar, their foliage differs slightly—manuka leaves are sharp and prickly, whereas kānuka leaves are softer. Furthermore, kānuka tends to grow taller than manuka and its flowers are smaller and more clumped together.
Conclusion: More Than One Name for a Remarkable Plant
In conclusion, manuka is known by several names, most commonly "tea tree," due to its historical use by early European explorers. However, its scientific name, Leptospermum scoparium, clarifies its botanical identity and distinguishes it from the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). The plant's deep connection to traditional Māori medicine, along with its modern commercial applications, underscores its importance. From the famous manuka honey to its essential oil and use in ecological restoration, this versatile New Zealand native is a truly treasured resource. The next time you hear the name manuka or tea tree, you will know the full story behind this remarkable plant and its many identities.
For a deeper dive into the specific grading systems and benefits of manuka honey, consider exploring the authoritative resources available, such as those from the Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association.
What is another name for manuka?
The primary alternative name for manuka is "tea tree," originating from Captain Cook's use of its leaves for brewing tea. Other names include kāhikatoa (its Māori name) and broom tea-tree.
