Apples Have a Natural Waxy Layer First
Before harvest, every apple grows its own thin layer of wax, often called the 'bloom'. This natural epicuticular wax is the fruit's first line of defense, serving several vital functions:
- Moisture retention: The natural wax helps to keep water inside the fruit, preventing it from drying out and shriveling.
- Microorganism barrier: It provides a physical shield against bacteria, mold, and other microorganisms that could cause decay.
- Slows ripening: By regulating the apple's respiration, the wax helps slow the natural ripening process, allowing it to stay fresh longer on the tree.
However, during the post-harvest cleaning process, which removes dirt, debris, and residues, this natural wax is stripped away. Without it, the apple is vulnerable to moisture loss and spoilage, leading to the practice of reapplying a commercial, food-grade wax.
The Ingredients of Food-Grade Apple Wax
To replace the natural barrier lost during cleaning, fruit producers apply a new, thin layer of wax. This wax is strictly regulated and approved by food safety agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ensuring it is safe for consumption. The composition can vary, utilizing natural, synthetic, or blended emulsions.
Common Natural Waxes
- Carnauba Wax: Sourced from the leaves of the Brazilian palm tree, Copernicia prunifera, this wax is prized for its high gloss and durability. It is also found in cosmetics and confections.
- Shellac: Derived from a secretion of the female lac beetle found in parts of Asia, shellac creates a very shiny finish. The beetles are not part of the final product, but some vegans may avoid shellac.
- Beeswax: As the name implies, this wax is produced by honeybees. It is another plant-friendly option used for food coatings, especially on organic produce.
Synthetic and Blended Waxes
- Petroleum-based Waxes: Highly refined and purified waxes derived from petroleum, such as polyethylene or microcrystalline wax, are sometimes used. These are carefully regulated to be food-safe, just like the natural alternatives.
- Blended Emulsions: To balance cost and performance, many producers use a blend of natural and synthetic wax components. These emulsions are engineered to provide consistent coverage and superior moisture resistance.
The Apple Waxing Process
The process for applying the food-grade wax is automated and efficient. First, apples are washed and sorted. Then, they pass through a stage where the wax is applied, typically through spraying or dipping, in an extremely thin layer—often just one or two drops per apple. The apples are then dried and polished to enhance their shine before being inspected and packaged for distribution.
How Do Waxes Compare?
| Feature | Natural Waxes (Carnauba, Shellac) | Synthetic Waxes (Polyethylene, Microcrystalline) |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Plant-based (carnauba) or insect secretion (shellac) | Controlled chemical processes from petroleum |
| Gloss & Visual Appeal | High, often perceived as more 'natural' looking | Adjustable via formulation to meet specific gloss needs |
| Moisture Barrier | Moderate, effective at reducing water loss | High, engineered for superior water resistance |
| Consistency | Variable, dependent on natural source and harvesting | Stable and consistent, ideal for high-speed processing |
| Cost | Variable, depends on sourcing and processing | Stable and scalable for industrial use |
| Vegan Status | Shellac is not vegan; carnauba and beeswax are | Derived from petroleum, so they are not plant or animal products |
Is the Wax on Apples Safe to Eat?
Yes, the food-grade wax used on apples is widely considered safe to eat and passes through the digestive system without being absorbed. Food safety authorities globally, including the FDA, have approved these waxes for use on fruits and other food products. The minuscule amount of wax applied is not a cause for concern for the average consumer.
For those who prefer to minimize wax intake, scrubbing the apple gently under lukewarm water with a vegetable brush or a mixture of baking soda and water can help remove some of the coating. Peeling the apple is also an option, though this will remove beneficial nutrients found in the skin.
Conclusion
What is the wax coating on apples made of? A combination of natural and sometimes synthetic food-grade ingredients. The process replaces the apple's own natural waxy layer, which is washed off during cleaning. The reapplied wax is an essential tool for preserving the fruit's quality and appearance, ensuring it arrives on your supermarket shelf looking fresh and appealing. While concerns about the safety of these waxes sometimes arise, extensive testing and regulatory oversight confirm they are harmless to consume in the trace amounts used. For more information on food-grade coatings, the U.S. Apple Association provides resources detailing the benefits and safety of these products.
Note: Organic apples that are waxed must use a natural, plant- or insect-based wax, such as carnauba wax or beeswax.
