What is vitamin B5 called? Exploring the Name: Pantothenic Acid

Did you know that vitamin B5 derives its name, pantothenic acid, from the Greek word 'pantos,' which means 'everywhere,' because it's present in nearly all foods? Understanding this omnipresent quality is key to recognizing its profound importance for human health.

Quick Summary

Vitamin B5 is known as pantothenic acid, a water-soluble nutrient vital for numerous metabolic functions, including energy conversion and the synthesis of hormones. It is widely available in food, making deficiency extremely rare for most people.

Key Points

• Official Name: Vitamin B5 is scientifically known as pantothenic acid, a name originating from the Greek for 'everywhere'.

• Core Function: Its primary role is to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is critical for energy metabolism from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

• Widespread Sources: The vitamin is found in almost all foods, including organ meats, whole grains, eggs, and many vegetables, making deficiency rare.

• Derivatives & Uses: Derivatives like panthenol and pantethine are used for specific purposes, such as in cosmetic creams or for managing high cholesterol.

• Safety Profile: Vitamin B5 is generally safe, and excessive intake can cause mild gastrointestinal distress, but no significant toxicity is known.

The Origin of the Name: Pantothenic Acid

The name 'pantothenic acid' originates from the Greek word pantos, meaning 'everywhere'. This is a fitting name, as this water-soluble vitamin is found in small concentrations in virtually every plant and animal food source. The discovery of vitamin B5 was a gradual process, culminating in American biochemist Roger J. Williams isolating it in 1931 as a growth factor for yeast. This foundational understanding of its widespread presence and function laid the groundwork for decades of research into its critical role in human health and metabolism.

Why the "B5" designation?

Pantothenic acid is one of the eight essential B-complex vitamins, a group of nutrients that work together to perform vital functions in the body. These vitamins are often categorized numerically, with pantothenic acid being the fifth member identified. The B vitamins are all water-soluble, meaning the body does not store them for long periods and they must be obtained regularly through diet. This contrasts with fat-soluble vitamins, which can be stored in the body's fatty tissue.

The Core Functions of Pantothenic Acid

Pantothenic acid is a cornerstone of cellular metabolism, primarily due to its role in synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA). This coenzyme is indispensable for countless biochemical reactions. Without sufficient pantothenic acid, the body would be unable to produce CoA, leading to a cascade of metabolic failures.

Energy Metabolism

CoA, derived from pantothenic acid, is crucial for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. It is a key component of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), the central pathway for releasing stored energy from nutrients. This metabolic activity is why B-complex vitamins, including vitamin B5, are often associated with boosting energy levels.

Synthesis of Vital Molecules

Beyond energy production, pantothenic acid is essential for the synthesis of many other vital molecules. These include:

• Fatty Acids: A component of acyl carrier protein (ACP), pantothenic acid is required for the synthesis and metabolism of fats.
• Hormones: It aids in the production of sex and stress-related hormones in the adrenal glands.
• Cholesterol: Pantothenic acid is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, a building block for cell membranes and other hormones.
• Neurotransmitters: It is required for the production of acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter involved in memory and muscle function.

Rich Food Sources of Vitamin B5

Because of its "everywhere" nature, a varied diet is the best way to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin B5. However, food processing and refining can significantly reduce its content. Here is a list of excellent sources:

• Organ Meats: Liver and kidneys are particularly rich sources.
• Meat and Poultry: Beef, chicken, and other poultry provide good amounts.
• Fish: Tuna and salmon are notable sources.
• Dairy: Eggs and milk contain pantothenic acid.
• Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, and peanuts are good plant-based options.
• Vegetables: Mushrooms (especially shiitake), avocado, broccoli, and sweet potatoes are excellent choices.
• Whole Grains: Brown rice, oats, and whole wheat offer higher concentrations than their refined counterparts.

Understanding Pantothenic Acid vs. Its Derivatives

When considering supplements or cosmetic products, you may encounter different forms of vitamin B5. It's important to understand the distinctions.

Feature	Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)	Pantethine	Panthenol / Dexpanthenol
Description	The basic, water-soluble form of the vitamin found in food.	A derivative of pantothenic acid, composed of two molecules linked together.	An alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid, often used in cosmetics and topical products.
Primary Use	Energy and metabolic support.	Used as a therapeutic supplement to potentially lower cholesterol and triglycerides.	Used topically for skin moisturization and wound healing.
Effectiveness	Essential for metabolic health; deficiency is rare.	Some studies show promising lipid-lowering effects, but more research is needed.	FDA-approved for cosmetic use; can relieve skin irritation and promote healing.
Availability	Widely available in a mixed, healthy diet.	Less common in food, mostly available as a supplement.	Available in many creams, ointments, and haircare products.

Symptoms of Vitamin B5 Deficiency

Due to its ubiquitous nature, a deficiency of pantothenic acid is extremely rare in developed nations and typically only occurs in cases of severe malnutrition or rare genetic disorders. When a deficiency does occur, symptoms can be hard to pinpoint as they often coincide with other B vitamin deficiencies. Potential symptoms, based on historical and experimental accounts, include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Irritability and restlessness
• Numbness or a burning sensation in the hands and feet
• Gastrointestinal issues like stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting
• Headaches and disturbed sleep

Conclusion: An Essential and Widespread Vitamin

What is vitamin B5 called? The answer, pantothenic acid, is a clue to its very nature—present everywhere, and fundamentally important. This essential nutrient is a vital cog in the machinery of our metabolism, helping to unlock energy from food and synthesize critical hormones and fatty acids. Though deficiency is uncommon, its widespread presence in our diet ensures that most individuals meet their nutritional needs without special supplementation. Maintaining a balanced, whole-food-based diet remains the most effective strategy for reaping the benefits of this crucial B vitamin. For more information on the role of vitamins in human health, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements is a valuable resource.

For more information, explore the FAQs below.

How does vitamin B5 get its name?

Pantothenic acid gets its name from the Greek word pantos, meaning "everywhere," reflecting its presence in a wide variety of foods. It was identified as the fifth B vitamin, hence its other name, B5.

Is pantothenic acid the same as vitamin B5?

Yes, pantothenic acid is the scientific and chemical name for vitamin B5. These two terms are used interchangeably when referring to this particular B vitamin.

What are the main functions of vitamin B5 in the body?

Vitamin B5 is essential for synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA), which plays a pivotal role in converting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. It also helps in producing hormones, cholesterol, and red blood cells.

What foods are rich in vitamin B5?

Excellent sources include organ meats, beef, chicken, whole grains, eggs, milk, legumes, mushrooms, and avocados. Eating a variety of whole foods is the best way to get enough B5.

Can vitamin B5 help with acne or skin health?

Some research suggests that derivatives of vitamin B5, such as dexpanthenol, which is used in many skincare products, can help moisturize skin and promote healing. While some supplement companies claim benefits for acne, more definitive scientific evidence is still needed.

What are the symptoms of a vitamin B5 deficiency?

Vitamin B5 deficiency is rare, but symptoms can include fatigue, irritability, headaches, numbness or a burning sensation in the feet, and gastrointestinal distress. Severe cases are typically only seen with extreme malnutrition.

Are there side effects from taking too much vitamin B5?

Pantothenic acid is generally considered safe, and no Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been established due to lack of reported toxicity. However, very high doses (e.g., 10,000 mg/day) may cause mild gastrointestinal upset or diarrhea.

Key Takeaways

• Name & Origin: Vitamin B5 is officially called pantothenic acid, a name derived from the Greek for "everywhere".
• Metabolic Role: It is essential for synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA), which helps convert food into energy and create fatty acids, hormones, and cholesterol.
• Rich Sources: Found abundantly in organ meats, eggs, milk, whole grains, mushrooms, and legumes, a balanced diet generally provides sufficient amounts.
• Deficiency Rarity: Because of its widespread presence in food, deficiency is very uncommon and usually linked to severe malnutrition or specific genetic issues.
• Derivative Applications: Forms like panthenol and pantethine have distinct applications, with panthenol used in cosmetics for skin health and pantethine studied for its cholesterol-lowering potential.

Citations

• Sanvictores, T., & Chauhan, S. (2024). Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid). StatPearls. NCBI Bookshelf.
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021). Pantothenic Acid - Consumer Fact Sheet.
• Healthline. (2024). What Is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?.
• WebMD. (2025). Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) - Uses, Side Effects, and More.
• DSM-Firmenich. (n.d.). d-Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary function of pantothenic acid in the body?

The primary function of pantothenic acid is to help convert food into energy by assisting in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a crucial molecule in metabolic processes.

Why is it called pantothenic acid and not just vitamin B5?

It is called pantothenic acid after the Greek word 'pantos' meaning 'everywhere,' because it's so widely distributed in various food sources. Vitamin B5 is simply its designation as the fifth B-complex vitamin.

Is a deficiency in vitamin B5 common?

No, a deficiency is very rare in the general population due to its widespread presence in a wide array of foods. It is mostly seen in cases of severe malnutrition or specific genetic disorders.

What happens if you have too much pantothenic acid?

Taking very high doses, such as 10,000 mg per day, may lead to mild side effects like gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea. However, there is no established Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for this vitamin.

How is pantothenic acid different from pantethine?

Pantethine is a derivative of pantothenic acid used as a supplement, with some studies suggesting it may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Pantothenic acid is the basic form of the vitamin.

Can pantothenic acid help with stress?

While pantothenic acid plays a role in the function of the adrenal glands, which produce stress-related hormones, there is no conclusive evidence that supplementing with it helps the body withstand stress.

Is vitamin B5 stable during cooking?

No, pantothenic acid can be sensitive to heat, and cooking methods can destroy a significant portion of the vitamin. For example, milling grains can remove up to 80% of the B5 content.