Understanding the Risks of Borage Consumption
While borage oil supplements are often praised for their gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) content, derived from the plant's seeds, the rest of the borage plant contains potentially dangerous compounds. These are known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are toxic to the liver and may cause cancer, especially with prolonged use or high doses. It is the PA content that defines who should not eat borage and underscores the need for caution.
Liver Disease and Pre-existing Conditions
Individuals with any form of liver disease are at the highest risk and should strictly avoid borage and its products that are not certified PA-free. The PAs in the plant can exacerbate existing liver problems and contribute to conditions like hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). Even seemingly healthy individuals can face liver damage from consistent, uncertified borage intake.
It is imperative to differentiate between the source and processing method of borage. The oil, typically derived from seeds, can be processed to remove PAs, making it safer for consumption. However, leaves, flowers, and especially microgreens, contain much higher concentrations of these toxic alkaloids.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Borage consumption is considered unsafe for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and should be avoided entirely. The PAs present in borage can be passed to the infant through breast milk and can potentially cause birth defects or severe liver disease in newborns. Some studies also suggest a potential risk of premature labor. Given these serious risks, healthcare providers strongly advise against using borage during these critical life stages, even in certified PA-free products, due to the lack of definitive research on their absolute safety.
Drug Interactions and Bleeding Disorders
Borage's effects on the body can interfere with various medications, necessitating caution for anyone on medication. The GLA in borage oil may slow blood clotting, increasing the risk of bleeding. This makes it particularly dangerous for individuals on blood-thinning medication.
Furthermore, borage interacts with other drugs that are metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A4, which could increase PA levels and the risk of liver damage. A detailed consultation with a doctor is essential for anyone taking medication to determine if borage poses a risk.
Comparison of Borage Products: PA-Containing vs. PA-Free
| Feature | Borage Plant (Leaves, Flowers) | Borage Seed Oil (PA-free certified) |
|---|---|---|
| Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) | High risk of containing PAs | Very low risk, certified to be PA-free |
| Source | Whole plant parts (leaves, flowers) | Processed seeds |
| Primary Risk | Liver toxicity and potential carcinogen | Mild digestive issues, drug interactions, seizure risk |
| Safety for Use | Not recommended for internal use, especially long-term | Possibly safe when certified PA-free, used in moderation |
| Vulnerable Groups | All risk groups (liver disease, pregnancy, etc.) | Those with bleeding disorders, epilepsy, and on specific meds |
Epilepsy and Other Considerations
While evidence is not conclusive, some case reports have linked high doses of borage oil to seizures. This suggests caution for individuals with epilepsy or a history of seizure disorders. Additionally, borage consumption has been associated with other mild side effects like digestive problems and skin irritation.
For most people, the safest approach is to use only certified PA-free borage oil supplements and to avoid teas, infusions, or culinary uses of the plant's leaves and flowers altogether. Always verify that any borage product you purchase is clearly labeled and certified PA-free by a reputable third party.
Summary of Precautions
- Avoid all non-certified borage products: This includes wild-harvested leaves, flowers, or homemade teas from the plant itself. Opt for supplements that guarantee PA-free processing.
- Consult a healthcare provider: Discuss borage use with your doctor, especially if you are on any medication or have underlying health conditions.
- Use caution with dosages: Adhere to recommended dosages for certified borage oil supplements and monitor for any adverse reactions.
- Be aware of cross-contamination: Be mindful of other PA-containing herbs like comfrey, and ensure you do not ingest them either.
- Recognize symptoms: If you experience signs of liver damage, such as jaundice, fatigue, or abdominal pain, cease use and seek immediate medical attention.
Conclusion
While borage has a history of traditional medicinal uses and borage seed oil offers potential benefits due to its GLA content, it is not safe for everyone. The presence of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the leaves, flowers, and roots of the plant poses a significant risk of liver damage. Those with liver disease, pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with bleeding disorders, and people on certain medications must avoid borage products that are not explicitly certified as PA-free. The safest course of action is to stick with certified, third-party-tested borage oil supplements and always consult a healthcare professional before adding any new herb to your regimen.
Key Takeaways
- Liver Disease: Individuals with any liver condition should strictly avoid borage due to the risk of liver toxicity from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs).
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Borage is unsafe for pregnant or breastfeeding women as PAs can harm both mother and infant.
- Blood Thinners: Borage can increase bleeding risk and should be used with caution by those on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications.
- Epilepsy: High doses of borage oil have been linked to seizures, so individuals with epilepsy should exercise caution.
- Medication Interactions: Borage interacts with several drugs, particularly those processed by the liver, including phenothiazines and certain liver-toxic medications.
- Use Certified Products: It is crucial to use only PA-free certified borage oil supplements and avoid teas or foods made from borage leaves and flowers.
