Understanding E Numbers
E numbers are codes for food additives that have been approved for use within the European Union. They appear on product labels and can be a source of confusion for many consumers, especially vegetarians and vegans. While many E numbers are derived from plant-based or synthetic sources, a significant number have animal origins. For a vegetarian, an animal-derived E number means the product is not suitable for consumption, even if it might appear to be meat-free at first glance. The following sections break down the most common E numbers to watch out for.
Always Unsuitable E Numbers for Vegetarians
Some E numbers are derived exclusively from animal products and should always be avoided by vegetarians. These include insect-based colorings, bone-derived agents, and animal fats.
E120: Cochineal, Carminic Acid, Carmine
E120 is a bright red food coloring obtained from the dried, crushed bodies of cochineal insects. These insects are native to Central and South America and live on cactus plants. E120 is widely used in confectionery, yogurts, juices, and other red-colored foods. Other names to look for on labels include 'Cochineal Extract', 'Natural Red 4', and 'Crimson Lake'.
E441: Gelatin
Gelatin is a gelling and thickening agent derived from the collagen found in animal by-products, primarily the bones, skin, and tendons of pigs and cattle. It is a common ingredient in many sweets (e.g., marshmallows, gummy bears), jellies, and desserts. As an entirely animal-based product, E441 is never suitable for a vegetarian diet.
E542: Edible Bone Phosphate
This additive is used as an anti-caking agent and is an extract from animal bones. While not approved for use in food within the EU, it can appear in some imported products, supplements, or cosmetics.
E904: Shellac
Shellac is a glazing agent that provides a shiny coating on confectionery, chocolate, and some fruits. It is a resin secreted by the female lac insect found in India and Thailand. While the Vegetarian Society previously considered shellac vegetarian, new guidelines based on ISO standards now require manufacturers to source alternatives for products carrying the 'Vegetarian Society Approved' trademark. Many vegetarians avoid shellac because of its insect origin.
E913: Lanolin
Lanolin is a wax secreted by the skin of sheep and is extracted from their wool. It is used as a glazing agent and is sometimes used as a source for Vitamin D3. For ethical reasons, this sheep-derived product is not suitable for vegetarians or vegans.
E Numbers with Variable Sources
Some E numbers are particularly difficult because they can be produced from either plant or animal sources. Without specific confirmation from the manufacturer, a vegetarian must treat these ingredients with caution.
E422: Glycerol
This compound, also known as glycerine, can be derived from plant fats (e.g., palm, soy) or animal fat. It is used as a sweetener, solvent, and humectant in many processed foods. If a product label contains E422 and is not explicitly marked as vegetarian, it is best to avoid it.
E471: Mono- and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids
Used as emulsifiers in baked goods, margarine, and other products, E471 can be derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Unless the product is clearly labelled as vegetarian or vegan, it is impossible to know the origin without contacting the manufacturer.
E920: L-Cysteine
This flour treatment agent, which improves dough elasticity, can be sourced from various places, including duck and chicken feathers, or human hair. While synthetic production is also possible, animal-derived L-Cysteine is not suitable for a vegetarian diet.
Comparison: Non-Vegetarian E Numbers vs. Vegan-Friendly Alternatives
| Category | Non-Vegetarian E Number (and source) | Common Vegan Alternative | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Colouring | E120 Carmine / Cochineal (crushed insects) | E162 Beetroot Red, E163 Anthocyanins, E160d Lycopene | E120 is found in many sweets and red-colored yogurts. |
| Gelling Agent | E441 Gelatin (animal bones, skin) | Agar-Agar, Pectin, Carrageenan (E407) | A very common ingredient in jellies and chewy candies. |
| Glazing Agent | E904 Shellac (lac insects) | Carnauba wax, plant-based coatings | Often used on chocolate, sweets, and fruits for a shiny finish. |
| Fatty Acid Esters | E471 Mono- & Diglycerides (animal fat possible) | Clearly labelled plant-based options | Check for vegetarian/vegan certification or contact the manufacturer. |
How to Identify Non-Vegetarian E Numbers
To navigate product labels effectively and avoid consuming animal-derived ingredients, follow these steps:
- Look for 'Vegetarian' or 'Vegan' Labels: The most reliable method is to check for specific certification logos from recognized vegetarian or vegan societies. These labels ensure all ingredients, including E numbers, are checked and approved.
- Scrutinize the Ingredients List: Become familiar with the E numbers mentioned in this article. Check the ingredients list on packaged goods for codes like E120, E441, E542, E904, E913, E920, and those with variable sources like E422 and E471.
- Search for Product Information: If in doubt, use search engines or dedicated apps to check a product's vegetarian status. Many companies respond to inquiries about their ingredients.
- Be Cautious with Flavourings and Fortifiers: Additives like E631 (Disodium inosinate) and E635 (Sodium 5′-ribonucleotides) are often derived from fish or meat, and Vitamin D3 can be sourced from sheep's wool (lanolin).
- Prioritize Whole Foods: The safest way to avoid all E numbers and additives is to consume a diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods. This reduces the need to decipher complex ingredient lists.
- Use Resource Guides: Carry a list of non-vegetarian E numbers on your phone or use a reliable online resource like Veganfriendly.org.uk to quickly check ingredients while shopping. The Vegan Society also provides comprehensive guidance on avoiding animal-derived products.
Conclusion
Understanding which E numbers are not suitable for vegetarians is a vital skill for anyone committed to a plant-based diet. While the vast majority of E numbers are benign, some are derived from insects, animal bones, fats, or wool. By becoming knowledgeable about specific codes like E120, E441, and E904, and exercising caution with variable-source additives like E471 and E422, you can confidently navigate supermarket aisles. Relying on certified vegetarian or vegan labels remains the most straightforward method, but a little knowledge goes a long way in ensuring your food choices align with your ethical values. Always remember that when a source is unclear, it is best to assume the worst or contact the manufacturer directly to confirm.
