What are E-numbers?
E-numbers are codes for substances permitted for use as food additives within the European Union and are increasingly recognized globally. They are categorized by function, such as colorings, preservatives, antioxidants, and emulsifiers. While many E-numbers are plant-derived or synthetic, a smaller subset is sourced from animal by-products, making them unsuitable for vegans. Understanding these specific numbers is the key to maintaining a vegan diet without accidentally consuming animal products.
E-numbers that are definitively not vegan
Some E-numbers are almost always derived from animal sources and can be confidently avoided. These include ingredients from insects, bones, and animal secretions.
Insect-derived additives
- E120 (Cochineal, Carmine, Carminic Acid): This is a red food coloring obtained from crushed cochineal insects. The female insects are collected, dried, and boiled to extract the carminic acid that produces the vibrant red dye. It is often found in red-colored foods like yogurts, sweets, and drinks.
- E904 (Shellac): A glazing agent made from the resinous secretions of the female lac bug. It is used to give a shiny finish to confectionery, chocolate, and pills.
Mammal-derived additives
- E441 (Gelatine): A gelling agent made by boiling the skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones of cows or pigs. It is common in sweets, marshmallows, and jelly.
- E542 (Edible Bone Phosphate): An anti-caking agent and mineral supplement produced from grinding animal bones.
- E913 (Lanolin): A greasy substance secreted by sheep and extracted from their wool. While not directly killed for lanolin, the product is a by-product of the wool industry and therefore not vegan.
- E1105 (Lysozyme): An enzyme derived from chicken egg whites used as a preservative in certain food products.
- Lactose/Lactitol (E966): Lactitol is a sweetener derived from lactose, or milk sugar, making it a dairy product and not suitable for vegans.
By-products of beekeeping
- E901 (Beeswax): A glazing agent created by worker honeybees. It is used on confectionery, in chewing gum, and to coat fruits.
The ambiguity: E-numbers that might be non-vegan
This category presents a challenge, as the origin of the additive can be either animal or plant-based, and the E-number alone does not indicate the source.
- E471 (Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids): These emulsifiers are widely used in baked goods. They can be produced from animal fats but are also commonly made from vegetable oils like palm or soybean.
- E422 (Glycerol/Glycerin): A solvent and sweetener that can be derived from either animal fat or vegetable oils.
- E631 (Disodium inosinate): A flavor enhancer that can be derived from meat or fish, but can also be produced through bacterial fermentation.
In these cases, the only way to know for certain is to check if the product is explicitly labeled vegan or to contact the manufacturer directly.
How to check for animal-derived E-numbers
- Look for certification: Products with a certified vegan trademark are the most reliable indicator that no animal products were used.
- Read the fine print: The ingredient list may provide additional detail, such as specifying "vegetable emulsifiers".
- Consult a guide: Keep a list of non-vegan E-numbers on your phone or use a dedicated vegan food app.
- Contact the manufacturer: For ambiguous E-numbers, a query to the company is the only way to be 100% sure.
Comparison of animal vs. plant-based sources
| Function | Non-Vegan E-number (Animal Source) | Vegan-Friendly Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Coloring | E120 (Carmine/Cochineal) | E162 (Beetroot Red), E163 (Anthocyanins) | Manufacturers often list alternative dyes by name, making them easier to identify. |
| Gelling Agent | E441 (Gelatine) | Agar-agar (E406), Pectin (E440), Carrageenan (E407) | Plant-based alternatives are widely available and perform similar functions. |
| Glazing Agent | E901 (Beeswax), E904 (Shellac) | Carnauba wax (E903), Rice bran wax | Carnauba wax is a common and effective vegan replacement. |
| Emulsifier | E471 (Mono- and diglycerides) | Plant-sourced E471 from soybean or palm oil, Lecithin (E322) | Check for explicit confirmation like "vegetable-derived" or vegan certification. |
| Sweetener | E966 (Lactitol) | Sorbitol (E420), Xylitol | Made from milk sugar, lactitol is an obvious non-vegan choice. |
Conclusion: Navigating the additives landscape
Contrary to popular belief, the existence of non-vegan E-numbers is a reality that every strict vegan must confront. While it can seem daunting, a combination of vigilance and awareness empowers consumers to make informed choices. The key is to recognize that not all E-numbers are created equal. By memorizing the list of additives that are always animal-derived and exercising caution with those that are ambiguous, you can navigate grocery store aisles with confidence. For those with serious dietary commitments, seeking products with official vegan certification remains the simplest and most reliable method to ensure a truly plant-based outcome. By staying informed, you can ensure your purchasing decisions align perfectly with your values.
For more information on the official re-evaluation of food additives and their safety, consult authoritative sources like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
