What is E270?
E270 is the European food additive numbering for lactic acid, a naturally occurring organic compound. It is produced during the fermentation of carbohydrates by lactic acid bacteria and is responsible for the characteristic sour taste in many fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and sourdough bread. Industrially, E270 is also produced through bacterial fermentation of raw materials such as starch or molasses and is widely used as a preservative, pH regulator, and flavoring agent in a variety of processed foods. The human body also produces lactic acid as a natural metabolite, particularly during exercise.
Is E270 safe for most people?
For the vast majority of healthy adults, E270 is not harmful. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have both recognized its safety for consumption within regulated food applications. In fact, E270 is considered to have very low toxicity and is easily metabolized by a healthy adult body. The body has robust mechanisms for processing lactic acid, and excess amounts are typically excreted without issue.
Specific health considerations for E270
While E270 is safe for most, certain individuals and populations should be cautious about their intake.
- Infants: A primary concern exists for infants under six months of age. These babies may have underdeveloped enzymes in their liver to properly metabolize D- or DL-lactate, the levorotatory isomers of lactic acid. For this reason, only the dextrorotatory (L+) form of lactic acid is permitted in infant formula. Parents should always check product labels and pediatric guidelines.
- Metabolic disorders: Individuals with certain metabolic conditions, particularly those with impaired kidney function, need to monitor their lactic acid intake. Conditions like lactic acidosis, while typically resulting from severe metabolic dysfunction rather than food additives, can be exacerbated by excess lactic acid consumption.
- Dairy allergies: Although the name refers to milk, lactic acid (E270) is not always produced from milk. However, for those with severe dairy allergies, it is important to check with the manufacturer, as some lactic acid may be derived from lactose. In many cases, it is produced from plant-based sources, but diligence is advised.
- Sensitivities: Some people report mild digestive discomfort, such as gas or bloating, after consuming fermented foods rich in lactic acid bacteria. While not a systemic health risk, it is a personal tolerance issue. Skin reactions like burning, rashes, or itching have been reported in rare cases of sensitivity.
Potential benefits of lactic acid
Beyond its function as a food additive, lactic acid, particularly when derived from naturally fermented foods, offers several health benefits. The bacteria that produce lactic acid are often probiotics, which are known to support gut health and strengthen the immune system. Lactic acid may also boost the body's absorption of certain nutrients, such as iron and antioxidants. By acting as an antioxidant, lactic-acid-producing bacteria can help protect against cell damage and inflammation.
E270 vs. other common food acids: A comparison
| Feature | E270 (Lactic Acid) | E330 (Citric Acid) | E260 (Acetic Acid) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural Source | Fermented foods (milk, vegetables) | Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges) | Fermented alcohol (vinegar) |
| Function | Preservative, flavour enhancer, pH regulator | Preservative, flavouring, acidity regulator | Preservative, acidity regulator |
| Common Products | Yogurt, cheese, baked goods, pickled vegetables | Soft drinks, candies, jams, processed cheeses | Condiments like ketchup, pickles, sauces |
| Safety Profile | Generally safe; caution for infants & metabolic disorders | Generally safe; high amounts can erode enamel | Generally safe; high concentration can be irritating |
Is E270 Vegan or Vegetarian?
For those following a vegan or vegetarian diet, the source of lactic acid is the key consideration. While lactic acid was first isolated from sour milk, modern industrial production typically uses plant-based sources such as beet sugar or starch via fermentation. This makes it suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets in many cases. However, some manufacturers may still derive it from animal sources. To be certain, consumers should check the product's ingredient list or contact the manufacturer directly, particularly if strict dietary adherence is necessary.
Conclusion
E270 is a food additive and naturally occurring compound that is generally safe for most people. While it provides benefits through fermented foods, individuals with specific conditions, such as metabolic disorders or infant age, should exercise caution. Awareness of personal sensitivities and checking the source for dietary compatibility are important. For the average consumer, E270 is a well-tolerated ingredient with a long history of safe use. For more detailed information on food additive safety, refer to official regulatory sources like the European Food Safety Authority.
Note: The toxicity information cited in some search results (e.g.,,) pertains to concentrated, industrial-grade lactic acid, not the diluted amounts used in food products. Always refer to product safety data sheets for handling pure substances.
What is E270?
E270 is the E-number designation for lactic acid, which is used as a food additive for its preservative, pH regulating, and flavouring properties.
Is E270 always derived from dairy?
No, while lactic acid was first isolated from milk, it is now primarily produced through the bacterial fermentation of plant-based carbohydrates like cornstarch or beet sugar.
Can E270 cause allergic reactions?
Severe allergic reactions to the additive are rare, but some sensitive individuals may experience mild side effects like digestive upset or skin irritation. Those with dairy allergies should still confirm the source if concerned.
Why is E270 unsafe for infants under six months?
Infants under six months cannot metabolize the D- and DL- forms of lactic acid efficiently because their liver enzymes are not yet fully developed. Only the L+ form is considered safe and used in infant formulas.
Can E270 cause digestive problems?
For some individuals, especially those with sensitivities, consuming large amounts of fermented foods or probiotic-rich products containing lactic acid can cause temporary gas and bloating.
Does E270 contribute to lactic acidosis?
No, lactic acidosis is a serious medical condition linked to underlying metabolic disorders or organ failure, not the normal consumption of E270 as a food additive.
Is E270 suitable for vegan or vegetarian diets?
Yes, as it is most commonly produced from plant-based sources. However, as production methods can vary, contacting the manufacturer is the best way to confirm the source for strict diets.
Is E270 the same as lactose?
No, E270 is lactic acid, an organic acid, while lactose is a sugar found in milk. The two are distinct compounds, though lactic acid can be produced during the fermentation of lactose.
