The Active Compound: Glycyrrhizin
Licorice root, derived from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, has a history in traditional medicine, used for purposes like supporting digestive health and soothing sore throats. Its sweet flavor comes from glycyrrhizin, a compound much sweeter than sugar, which also gives the root anti-inflammatory properties but is the source of most risks.
High or prolonged consumption of glycyrrhizin can impact the body by inhibiting an enzyme that deactivates cortisol. This leads to cortisol buildup, mimicking aldosterone and causing kidneys to retain sodium and water while losing potassium. This can result in elevated blood pressure and low potassium levels.
Potential Risks and Who Should Avoid Licorice Root
While small, occasional amounts of licorice root are generally safe for healthy adults, certain groups should avoid it due to glycyrrhizin sensitivity:
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women: High intake during pregnancy is linked to premature birth and potential developmental issues; avoidance is recommended for breastfeeding mothers due to lack of safety data.
- Individuals with high blood pressure: Licorice root can increase blood pressure, making it unsafe for those with hypertension.
- People with heart conditions: The risk of low potassium and irregular heartbeat is higher for these individuals.
- Those with kidney or liver disease: These conditions can impair the body's ability to process glycyrrhizin, potentially worsening health and increasing toxicity risk.
- People on certain medications: Licorice root can interact with various drugs, including those for blood pressure, diuretics, blood thinners, and corticosteroids, leading to potential complications.
The Deglycyrrhizinated (DGL) Alternative
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is an option for those wanting potential benefits without glycyrrhizin's risks. DGL processing removes glycyrrhizin, reducing the chance of blood pressure and potassium issues.
| Licorice Root vs. Deglycyrrhizinized (DGL) Licorice | Feature | Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) | DGL Licorice (Deglycyrrhizinized) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active Compound | Contains glycyrrhizin | Glycyrrhizin is removed | |
| Safety Profile | Potential for serious side effects with chronic or high-dose use | Generally considered safe for short-term use (up to 4 months) | |
| Primary Risk | High blood pressure, low potassium, fluid retention | Side effects are rare, but quality control can be a concern for supplements | |
| Who Should Avoid | Pregnant women, people with high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, or on specific medications | Those with specific medical conditions should still consult a doctor | |
| Best For | Flavoring in small amounts, traditional uses with caution | Supporting digestive health, such as soothing gastritis and heartburn |
Safe Consumption Guidelines
For individuals not in high-risk groups, moderation is vital for licorice root with glycyrrhizin. While guidelines vary, organizations like the WHO suggest limiting glycyrrhizin intake to a maximum of 100 mg daily for average adults. The glycyrrhizin content in licorice teas and candies can vary significantly. Consuming even 100 grams of licorice daily has been reported to cause pseudohyperaldosteronism.
To consume safely:
- Check Labels: Look for "licorice root extract" (contains glycyrrhizin) versus "deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL)".
- Track Intake: Be mindful of total consumption from all sources. Note that many black licorice candies use anise oil, not real licorice root, but some do contain it.
- Consult a Healthcare Provider: If you have health conditions or take medications, discuss licorice root use with a doctor for guidance on dosage or alternatives.
- Choose DGL: For digestive benefits with lower risk, DGL supplements are often preferred.
Conclusion
While small, infrequent use of licorice root can be safe for healthy individuals, its glycyrrhizin content poses significant risks for pregnant individuals and those with certain health issues. The potential for increased blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance, and drug interactions necessitates caution. Choosing the safer DGL alternative and adhering to intake recommendations allows for informed decisions about using this herb. Consulting a medical professional is crucial for anyone with health concerns before using licorice root.
Further Reading
For more detailed information on the health effects of licorice root, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) provides a comprehensive resource. Learn more about licorice root's uses and safety
