What is Nattokinase?
Nattokinase is a powerful enzyme derived from natto, a traditional Japanese dish made from soybeans fermented with a special bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. This unique enzyme, a type of protease, is responsible for natto's sticky texture and has potent fibrinolytic activity, meaning it can break down fibrin, a protein involved in blood clot formation. Unlike eating whole natto, nattokinase supplements typically use an extract from which vitamin K2 has been removed, a necessary step to prevent interference with certain anticoagulant medications.
Potential Health Benefits
Decades of research have explored the potential therapeutic effects of nattokinase, particularly concerning cardiovascular health. Its primary benefits stem from its effect on blood circulation and clotting factors.
Cardiovascular Support
- Natural Fibrinolytic/Antithrombotic Effects: Nattokinase is often called a "natural blood thinner" because of its ability to break down fibrin in the blood. This can help prevent and dissolve blood clots, which are a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Studies have shown it can enhance fibrinolytic activity and reduce several blood clotting factors after supplementation.
- Blood Pressure Reduction: Clinical trials on individuals with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension have shown that nattokinase supplementation can lead to a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This effect is thought to be partly due to the peptides released during digestion that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a key regulator of blood pressure.
- Anti-Atherosclerotic and Lipid-Lowering Properties: By improving blood flow and reducing the risk of plaque formation, nattokinase can help combat atherosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries. Studies in animal models suggest it can reduce cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels, while increasing beneficial HDL-C. Human studies have also noted its ability to reduce carotid intima-media thickness and plaque size.
Other Potential Effects
- Anti-inflammatory Effects: Some research suggests nattokinase has anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to its benefits for vascular health, as chronic inflammation is a key driver of cardiovascular disease.
- Neuroprotective Effects: Early studies indicate nattokinase may degrade amyloid fibrils, suggesting a potential role in treating Alzheimer's disease and other amyloid-related conditions, although more human research is needed.
Safety and Side Effects
While often well-tolerated, nattokinase is not suitable for everyone and requires careful consideration, especially regarding drug interactions.
- Bleeding Risk: As a potent blood thinner, nattokinase increases the risk of excessive bleeding and bruising, especially when taken with other blood-thinning medications. It should be discontinued at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery.
- Drug Interactions: Nattokinase can interact dangerously with anticoagulants (like warfarin) and antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin and ibuprofen). It can also enhance the effect of blood pressure medications, potentially causing blood pressure to drop too low.
- Allergic Reactions: Individuals with a soy allergy may experience an allergic reaction to nattokinase supplements.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Due to a lack of sufficient research, nattokinase is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
- Pre-existing Clots: In theory, its clot-dissolving action could cause a pre-existing, stable clot to dislodge and travel to a different location, causing serious complications like a stroke or pulmonary embolism.
Nattokinase Supplements vs. Food Source
When considering nattokinase, it's important to understand the differences between consuming the whole food, natto, and taking a purified supplement.
| Feature | Nattokinase Supplement (e.g., NSK-SD) | Whole Food Natto |
|---|---|---|
| Enzyme Activity | Standardized, ensuring consistent and predictable potency. | Variable; depends on the fermentation process and specific preparation. |
| Vitamin K2 Content | Typically removed, especially in brand-name supplements like NSK-SD, to avoid interference with medications like warfarin. | Contains significant levels of vitamin K2, which promotes blood clotting and interferes with anticoagulant drugs. |
| Dosage Control | Dosage is measured in Fibrinolytic Units (FU), allowing for controlled intake. | Difficult to quantify the exact amount of nattokinase and other components per serving. |
| Other Nutrients | A purified extract that focuses on the enzyme's specific action. | Contains a range of other nutrients, including protein, fiber, and probiotics. |
| Taste and Texture | Tasteless and convenient in capsule form. | Has a pungent smell and sticky texture that some may find unappealing. |
Conclusion: A Balanced Perspective
So, is nattokinase good for you? For healthy individuals seeking to proactively support their cardiovascular system, studies suggest that nattokinase supplementation can be a beneficial and generally safe addition to their wellness routine. Its anti-thrombotic and blood pressure-lowering effects are well-documented in human trials.
However, the risks are significant for specific groups, especially those on blood-thinning medications or those with bleeding disorders. The potential for serious drug interactions and the theoretical risk of dislodging existing clots mean that nattokinase should never be taken without consulting a healthcare provider. Whole food natto offers other nutritional benefits but contains vitamin K2, making supplementation a more controlled approach for managing specific cardiovascular risk factors.
Ultimately, nattokinase holds promise as a natural adjunct for heart health, but its use requires an informed and cautious approach under medical supervision to ensure safety and effectiveness. Further large-scale, long-term studies will continue to clarify its full therapeutic potential and optimal use in diverse populations.
How to Consider Nattokinase Safely
- Consult a professional: Always speak with a healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions or are on other medications.
- Follow guidelines: Follow the manufacturer's recommendation or your doctor's advice.
- Timing: Some recommend taking nattokinase on an empty stomach to enhance absorption. Taking it before bed may also be beneficial, as blood circulation is slower during sleep.
- Prioritize safety: If you are on blood thinners or have a bleeding disorder, it is generally advised to avoid nattokinase unless explicitly directed by a doctor.
- Be aware of interactions: Nattokinase can interact with blood thinners, antiplatelet drugs, and blood pressure medication. Medical supervision is essential.
- Discontinue before surgery: To avoid excessive bleeding, stop taking nattokinase at least two weeks before any surgical procedure, including dental work.
- Consider product quality: Look for reputable brands that provide clear information about the Fibrinolytic Units (FU) and confirm the removal of vitamin K2.
