What is Dental Tartar and How Does it Form?
Dental tartar, also known as dental calculus, is a hard, crusty mineral deposit that forms on the teeth and along the gumline. It is formed when dental plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria, food particles, and saliva, is not removed effectively through regular brushing and flossing. Over time, minerals from your saliva cause this plaque to calcify and harden into tartar, a substance that is porous and can easily absorb stains, leading to tooth discoloration. The surface of tartar is rough, which makes it even easier for more plaque to accumulate and adhere.
It is critical to distinguish dental tartar from cream of tartar, a completely different substance used in baking and as a household cleaning agent. Cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate) is a byproduct of winemaking and has limited, scientifically-backed health benefits related to its potassium content. Any perceived health benefits of "tartar" almost certainly refer to cream of tartar, not the harmful dental buildup.
The Serious Health Risks of Dental Tartar
Far from being beneficial, dental tartar poses several significant health risks, both to your oral health and overall systemic well-being. Its rough, porous surface provides an ideal environment for bacteria to thrive, making it difficult to clean and promoting further dental decay.
Oral Health Complications
- Gum Disease: Tartar that forms at and below the gumline irritates the gums, causing inflammation, redness, and bleeding, a condition known as gingivitis. If left untreated, this can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that can cause the gums to pull away from the teeth, damaging the bone and connective tissues that support the teeth.
- Tooth Decay and Cavities: Tartar shields bacteria from brushing, allowing them to produce acids that erode tooth enamel, leading to the formation of cavities. Because tartar creates a rough surface, it encourages more plaque to stick to the tooth, accelerating the decay process.
- Bad Breath (Halitosis): The bacteria trapped in tartar can release unpleasant-smelling compounds, leading to chronic bad breath that cannot be resolved with brushing alone.
- Tooth Loss: As periodontitis advances, the damage to the underlying bone can cause teeth to become loose and eventually fall out.
Systemic Health Concerns
Oral health is intrinsically linked to overall health, and the chronic inflammation caused by tartar and gum disease is a risk factor for more serious systemic problems. The bacteria from inflamed gums can enter the bloodstream, potentially contributing to cardiovascular disease, diabetes complications, and respiratory infections.
Plaque, Dental Tartar, and Cream of Tartar: A Comparison
| Feature | Dental Plaque | Dental Tartar (Calculus) | Cream of Tartar (Baking) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composition | Sticky, colorless film of bacteria, food particles, and saliva. | Hardened, calcified plaque that contains dead bacteria and minerals. | Potassium bitartrate, a powder byproduct of winemaking. |
| Texture | Soft, feeling fuzzy or slimy on teeth. | Hard, crusty, and rough. | Fine, white, acidic powder. |
| Appearance | Often colorless, though it can cause yellowing. | Yellow, brown, or black stains on teeth. | White powder, like baking soda. |
| Removal | Can be removed with regular brushing and flossing. | Requires professional dental tools for safe removal. | N/A (ingredient, not a dental deposit). |
| Health Impact | Negative: leads to tooth decay and gum disease if not removed. | Severely negative: causes gingivitis, periodontitis, and systemic inflammation. | Generally safe in small amounts, some minor benefits; dangerous in large doses due to high potassium. |
How to Prevent Tartar Buildup
The most effective way to manage tartar is to prevent it from forming in the first place by controlling plaque buildup. This requires a diligent oral hygiene routine. The following steps are crucial:
- Brush Twice a Day: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Brush for at least two minutes each time to effectively remove plaque.
- Floss Daily: Flossing removes plaque and food debris from between your teeth and under the gumline, where a toothbrush can't reach.
- Use Antiseptic Mouthwash: An antibacterial mouthwash can help kill oral bacteria and reduce plaque formation.
- Choose a Tartar-Control Toothpaste: Some toothpastes are formulated with chemicals that help prevent plaque from hardening into tartar.
- Eat a Healthy Diet: Limit sugary and starchy foods, as these fuel the bacteria that cause plaque. Crunchy fruits and vegetables can also help stimulate saliva flow, which naturally cleans teeth.
- Avoid Tobacco: Smoking and chewing tobacco are significant risk factors for increased tartar formation.
The Role of Professional Dental Cleanings
Once plaque has hardened into dental tartar, at-home methods like brushing and flossing are ineffective at removing it. Only a dental professional can safely and effectively remove tartar using special tools during a procedure called scaling. Attempting to scrape off tartar at home with household tools can cause serious damage to your teeth and gums. Regular dental check-ups, typically every six months, are essential for removing any tartar buildup and maintaining long-term oral health. For individuals prone to excessive buildup, more frequent visits may be necessary.
Conclusion
The notion that dental tartar is good for your health is a dangerous misconception that could lead to severe dental and systemic health problems. Dental tartar is nothing more than hardened, mineralized plaque—a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. While a completely different substance known as cream of tartar may offer limited dietary benefits, dental tartar is unequivocally detrimental. Prioritizing consistent oral hygiene and regular professional dental cleanings is the only safe and effective strategy for preventing and managing tartar, ensuring a healthier mouth and protecting your overall well-being. For more information, visit a reliable source on dental health, such as the Cleveland Clinic on dental calculus.
