What is Red 40 and What are the UK’s Rules?
In the UK, the food colouring known in the US as Red 40 is labelled as Allura Red AC or E129. It is a synthetic azo dye derived from petroleum, widely used to give a red hue to many processed foods, from sweets and drinks to bakery items. The use of E129 is regulated by the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and is not banned outright in Great Britain.
However, a crucial piece of regulation was implemented in 2010 following the 2007 Southampton study. As a result, any food or drink containing E129 must carry a mandatory warning label stating, 'May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children'. The FSA also actively encourages food manufacturers to find alternative, natural colourings where possible, a policy that has led to many brands reformulating their products for the European market.
The Southampton Study and its Legacy
The 2007 University of Southampton study provided a significant catalyst for European food regulations. The research found that specific mixtures of artificial food dyes, including E129, were linked to increased hyperactivity in children, regardless of whether they had a prior diagnosis of ADHD. The findings prompted widespread concern and led directly to the EU-wide labelling requirements, which the UK maintains post-Brexit.
While some subsequent studies have offered mixed results, there is a general consensus within the scientific community that a subset of children may be sensitive to food dyes, exhibiting behavioural changes. This has cemented the UK's position on mandatory warning labels for affected products, offering an important layer of consumer information that is not required in many other countries, like the US.
Potential Health Risks Beyond Hyperactivity
Recent research, primarily conducted in animal models, has expanded the scope of concerns regarding Red 40 beyond hyperactivity.
- Gut Inflammation and the Microbiome: A 2023 study found that continuous exposure to Red 40 caused low-grade inflammation in the colon of mice, particularly when combined with a high-fat diet. The dye appears to alter the gut microbiome and increase serotonin production in the intestines, potentially impacting intestinal health.
- DNA Damage: The same research indicated that Red 40 causes DNA damage in cells in laboratory settings and in animals. Contaminants from the dye's manufacturing process, such as benzidine and p-cresidine, are known to be carcinogenic and damaging to DNA.
- Allergic Reactions: Though uncommon, allergic reactions to Red 40 have been documented in some individuals, with symptoms ranging from hives and swelling to asthma-like respiratory issues.
It is important to note that much of this recent research is preliminary, and direct causation in humans is still under investigation. However, the findings raise significant questions about the long-term, chronic consumption of the dye, especially in children whose nervous and digestive systems are still developing.
Understanding the Labels: A Guide for UK Consumers
For UK consumers concerned about Red 40, learning to read labels is key. The dye will be listed either as its full name, 'Allura Red AC', or its E-number, 'E129'.
Example of an ingredients list featuring E129:
- Sugar, Glucose-Fructose Syrup, Water, Colour (E129).
In addition, you will see the mandatory warning notice, for instance:
*E129: May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.
Where is E129 found?
Processed foods are the most common source of E129, including:
- Sweets and candies
- Fizzy drinks and cordials
- Desserts and jellies
- Some flavoured dairy products
- Certain baked goods and frostings
- Sauces and seasonings
Comparing Artificial (E129) and Natural Red Colourings
| Aspect | Allura Red AC (E129) | Natural Alternatives (e.g., Beetroot) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Synthetic, derived from petroleum distillates | Plant-based, derived from fruits or vegetables |
| UK Regulation | Permitted, but requires a warning label for hyperactivity | Generally unrestricted as a food ingredient, not an additive |
| Potential Health Concerns | Linked to hyperactivity, gut inflammation, and DNA damage in studies | Offers nutritional benefits like antioxidants |
| Colour Intensity | Offers a consistent, vibrant red hue | Colour may vary and can be affected by heat and pH |
| Availability | Very common in processed foods, widely available | Increasing popularity in products marketed as 'natural' |
| Consumer Perception | High consumer awareness and concern in the UK/EU | Generally perceived as a healthier, cleaner option |
Making Informed Dietary Choices
Given the evidence and the cautionary labelling, many consumers opt to limit their intake of Red 40, especially for children. The rise in public awareness and consumer demand has prompted many food companies to offer products without artificial colourings.
For those seeking alternatives, natural sources can be used for colouring foods at home and are increasingly common in commercial products:
- Red: Beetroot powder, pomegranate juice, or raspberry purée.
- Orange: Carrot juice or paprika.
- Yellow: Turmeric or saffron.
In conclusion, while Red 40 is not banned in the UK, it is subject to mandatory cautionary labelling that reflects a more cautious regulatory stance compared to other countries. The science suggests potential links to hyperactivity and warrants further investigation into newer findings concerning gut health and DNA. Ultimately, consumers in the UK have access to information that empowers them to make deliberate choices about including or avoiding E129 in their diet.
Final Thoughts
While Red 40 is legal in the UK, the regulatory environment is designed to inform consumers of potential risks. For sensitive individuals or parents of young children, choosing products without E129 is a straightforward way to address potential concerns. As with any food additive, a balanced diet based on whole foods remains the most beneficial approach to overall health. For further guidance on food additives in the UK, consult the Food Standards Agency. Food additives authorisation guidance
