The World of Artificial Food Dyes
Artificial food dyes are synthetic chemicals derived from petroleum that are used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages. They are a common feature in many processed and packaged products, especially those marketed towards children. While the appeal is purely cosmetic, the use of these dyes has raised health and nutritional concerns for decades, prompting consumer watchdogs, health experts, and regulatory bodies to take a closer look.
Common Artificial Dyes in Candy
Some of the most prevalent artificial dyes in candy include Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, and Blue 2. Red 3, previously common, is being phased out of food by 2027 due to cancer concerns.
Which Candy Has the Most Dye?
Studies by advocacy groups have identified candies with high levels of artificial dyes. A 2014 study by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) found that Skittles Original and M&M's Milk Chocolate had the highest levels of dye per serving among tested candies. These candies contain a mix of colors like Blue 1, Blue 2, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, and Red 40. Other candies frequently mentioned for using multiple dyes include some varieties of candy corn, PEZ, and Sixlets.
Notable High-Dye Candies
- Skittles Original: Contain Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, and Blue 2.
- M&M's Milk Chocolate: Use dyes including Red 40, Yellow 5, and Blue 1.
- Brach's Candy Corn: Some versions have historically contained Red 3.
The Health and Nutritional Context
While regulators consider current dye levels safe, some health advocates have concerns.
Behavioral Effects and Hyperactivity
A potential link between food dyes and hyperactivity in children has been explored. A 2021 California report concluded that synthetic food dyes could cause or worsen neurobehavioral issues in some children.
Cancer and Carcinogenic Concerns
Some dyes, particularly in animal studies, have been linked to potential cancer risks. The ban on Red 3 is due to its link to thyroid tumors in animals.
Ultra-Processed Foods and Overall Diet Quality
Artificial dyes are often found in ultra-processed foods, which are high in sugar, unhealthy fats, and sodium, and low in nutrients. These foods are linked to chronic diseases, making reducing their intake beneficial beyond just avoiding dyes.
A Comparison of High-Dye vs. Lower-Dye Candies
| Characteristic | High-Dye Candies (e.g., Skittles) | Lower-Dye Candies (e.g., Smarties, some brands) |
|---|---|---|
| Artificial Dyes | Uses multiple synthetic dyes like Red 40, Yellow 5, Blue 1, etc. | May use fewer or none; Smarties (US) are Red 3-free. |
| Dye Content (mg/serving) | Higher amounts, such as 33.3 mg per serving in Skittles Original (based on 2014 study). | Generally lower or zero. |
| Nutritional Value | Little to no nutritional value; primarily sugar and processed ingredients. | Still primarily sugar, but absence of artificial dyes is a benefit for those with sensitivities. |
| Associated Health Concerns | Linked to hyperactivity, potential allergic reactions, and associated with overall ultra-processed food health risks. | Primarily the same concerns associated with high sugar intake. |
Choosing Natural Alternatives
For those avoiding artificial dyes, natural alternatives exist. These include beet juice for reds/pinks, beta-carotene or turmeric for oranges/yellows, and spirulina for greens/blues. Reading labels is still important as some natural dyes, like carmine, can cause allergic reactions.
Conclusion
While Skittles and M&M's contain some of the highest levels of artificial dyes, these dyes often indicate an ultra-processed food high in sugar and low in nutrients. For health-conscious consumers, particularly regarding potential behavioral effects in children or the risks of a high-sugar diet, reading labels and prioritizing whole foods is key. Choosing candies with natural colorings is an option, but moderation is still advised.
For specific product dye information, refer to studies like those from the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
