What is Diatomaceous Earth?
Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring, soft, sedimentary rock that crumbles into a fine, off-white powder. It is composed of the fossilized remains of tiny aquatic organisms known as diatoms. The skeletons of these diatoms are primarily made of amorphous silicon dioxide, a form of silica. The structure of this powder, visible under a microscope as tiny, porous cylinders, is key to many of its commercial and claimed health applications.
There are two main grades of diatomaceous earth, and distinguishing between them is critical for safety:
- Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth: Mined from ancient freshwater lakebeds, this type contains low levels (less than 2%) of crystalline silica and is purified for use in food and agriculture. The FDA classifies it as "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) for use as a filter aid in processing food and beverages and as an anti-caking agent.
- Industrial/Filter-Grade Diatomaceous Earth: Mined from saltwater sources and treated with high heat, this grade has a significantly higher concentration of crystalline silica (around 60%). This form is toxic if inhaled and is used for industrial purposes like pool filtration, not for ingestion.
The Reported Health Claims
Advocates of ingesting food-grade DE cite numerous potential benefits, though most are based on anecdotal evidence rather than robust scientific studies.
Detoxification and Digestive Cleansing
One of the most common claims is that DE acts as a gentle internal "sweep" for the digestive tract. Proponents suggest that its microscopic, abrasive structure can help cleanse the intestinal walls of accumulated waste, toxins, and parasites. The absorbent nature of DE is theorized to bind to positively charged toxins, bacteria, and heavy metals, carrying them out of the body.
However, this theory largely extrapolates its known filtering properties in water purification to human digestion, a connection that has not been scientifically validated in humans. The body’s natural detoxification systems (liver and kidneys) are highly efficient, and there is no scientific evidence to support the need for such "cleansing".
Improved Hair, Skin, and Nail Health
As a rich source of amorphous silica, DE is believed to benefit connective tissues. Silica is essential for collagen formation, a protein vital for healthy hair, skin, and nails. Anecdotal reports suggest that regular intake of DE can lead to thicker hair, stronger nails, and improved skin elasticity. While some studies have shown benefits from other bioavailable forms of silicon, it is not clear how much, if any, usable silica is absorbed from DE, as most of it is thought to pass through the digestive system unabsorbed.
Potential Cholesterol Reduction
A small 1998 study, often cited by DE proponents, investigated its effect on cholesterol in 19 participants with high cholesterol. The study found that after eight weeks of supplementing with DE, participants experienced a decrease in total and LDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol. However, this study did not include a control group, making it impossible to definitively attribute the results to DE. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
Bone and Joint Support
Silicon plays a role in bone formation and metabolism. It is suggested that supplementing with the silica from DE may contribute to stronger bones and connective tissue. While some studies suggest a positive correlation between dietary silicon intake and bone mineral density, the bioavailability of silica from ingested DE remains uncertain and requires further investigation.
The Critical Distinction: Food-Grade vs. Industrial-Grade DE
Understanding the difference between the two types of diatomaceous earth is a matter of safety. The core difference lies in the level of crystalline silica, which is toxic if inhaled. The amorphous silica in food-grade DE is generally safe, but industrial-grade DE is a significant health hazard.
| Feature | Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth | Industrial-Grade Diatomaceous Earth |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Freshwater diatoms | Saltwater diatoms |
| Silica Type | Mostly amorphous silica | High crystalline silica (calcined) |
| Safety for Ingestion | Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for low concentrations | Toxic and dangerous if ingested |
| Inhalation Risk | Avoid inhalation; causes respiratory irritation | Extremely dangerous; linked to silicosis |
| Primary Use | Anti-caking agent, filtration aid in food/agriculture | Industrial filtration (e.g., swimming pools) |
Potential Side Effects and Safety Precautions
While food-grade DE is considered safe for consumption, some users report mild side effects, particularly when first starting. Proper use is also essential to mitigate risks.
Reported Side Effects
- Digestive Discomfort: Some individuals report mild digestive upset, bloating, or constipation when beginning to take DE. This may be due to the body adjusting to the substance or a result of not drinking enough water.
- "Die-Off" Symptoms: Anecdotal reports describe flu-like symptoms, including fatigue and headaches, attributed to toxins being released from the body. However, there is no scientific basis to support this theory. If such symptoms persist, cease use and consult a doctor.
- Dryness and Irritation: Direct contact with DE can cause dryness and irritation to the skin, eyes, and nasal passages.
Important Safety Precautions
- Avoid Inhalation: Never inhale the fine DE powder. Even food-grade DE can irritate the lungs. Wear a dust mask when handling it to prevent this.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water when taking DE to minimize the risk of digestive issues.
- Consult a Professional: Always speak with a healthcare professional before adding any new supplement to your diet, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or have pre-existing health conditions.
Conclusion
While food-grade diatomaceous earth is recognized as a safe food additive by the FDA, the robust health claims surrounding its ingestion are largely unsubstantiated by scientific evidence. Most proposed benefits, including detoxification, improved gut health, and enhanced hair, skin, and nails, are based on anecdotal reports and extrapolations from its industrial uses. Potential cholesterol-lowering effects were observed in one small, uncontrolled study but require further research. The most crucial takeaway is the strict necessity of using only food-grade DE and avoiding its inhalation to prevent serious respiratory damage. While some users may experience positive anecdotal results, consulting a healthcare provider is essential before starting any new supplement regimen.
For more in-depth information on the effects of DE, you can explore scientific literature, such as studies indexed on the NIH's database.
