What is E110 food coloring?
E110, also known as Sunset Yellow FCF, is a synthetic food coloring that imparts an orange-yellow hue to a wide range of products, including snacks, baked goods, beverages, and confectionery. As an azo dye, it is a stable and water-soluble additive that is widely used in the food and beverage industry. It is derived from petroleum and is often combined with other dyes, such as E123, to create brown tones.
Potential health risks associated with E110
The potential side effects of e110 have been a subject of concern and research for several decades. The most prominent concerns involve its impact on children's behavior and its association with allergic reactions.
Hyperactivity in children
One of the most well-documented concerns is the link between e110 and hyperactivity, specifically in children.
- The Southampton Study: A 2007 placebo-controlled study published in the UK found a direct association between the intake of certain food colorings, including e110, and hyperactivity in children aged 3 to 9.
- Warning Labels: As a result of this and similar research, the European Union mandated that products containing e110 and certain other dyes carry a warning label stating: "May impair attention and activity in children".
- Varied Interpretations: While regulatory bodies like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have evaluated the data, the exact interpretation of the findings and the appropriate response has varied. However, the connection remains a significant concern for many parents and health professionals.
Allergic and intolerance reactions
Sensitive individuals may experience allergic or intolerance reactions to e110, as it is an azo dye. These are often described as pseudoallergic reactions and can manifest in various ways.
- Skin Reactions: This can include urticaria (hives), rashes, and eczema.
- Respiratory Symptoms: Some individuals may experience asthma-like attacks, shortness of breath, or nasal congestion.
- Cross-reactions: Due to its chemical nature, e110 can cause cross-reactions in individuals who are sensitive to salicylates, such as those sensitive to aspirin.
Other reported symptoms
Beyond hyperactivity and allergies, other adverse effects have been reported by some individuals:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain and indigestion
- In rare cases, kidney swelling
Animal and toxicological studies
While the effects on humans are primarily associated with behavioral and allergic responses, studies in animal models have revealed additional toxicological concerns, particularly at high doses.
In ovo studies
Research involving the injection of e110 into fertilized chicken eggs has shown significant developmental effects.
- High doses (500-1,000 ng/egg) were found to retard the embryonic development of the immune system organs, such as the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius.
- This suggests potential immunosuppressive effects in animals exposed at critical developmental stages.
Effects on the intestinal lining
A 2021 toxicological study using a test-tube model indicated that e110 could damage the mucous membrane of the small intestine. This damage could potentially lead to inflammation or contribute to irritable bowel syndrome.
Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity
Concerns about carcinogenicity (cancer-causing potential) have been raised, partly because e110 is a sulfonated version of the known carcinogen Sudan-I. However, major regulatory bodies, including EFSA and the FDA, have concluded that long-term feeding studies in mice and rats showed no carcinogenic potential in the amounts used. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies Sunset Yellow as not carcinogenic to humans.
Global regulations and acceptable daily intake
Regulatory stances on e110 vary significantly across different regions, reflecting the ongoing debate and research surrounding its safety.
Comparison of global regulations for E110
| Aspect | European Union (EU) | United States (USA) | Norway (Historically) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Status | Approved with restrictions | Approved with restrictions | Banned (re-instated following EU alignment) |
| Labeling | Mandatory hyperactivity warning for certain foods | No mandatory hyperactivity warning | Banned historically, now aligns with EU rules |
| ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) | 4 mg/kg body weight/day (revised up from 1 mg/kg in 2014) | Acceptable, though no public ADI specifically cited in search results | Historically banned due to risks |
| Notable Restrictions | Limits on use levels in food and beverages | Permitted at concentrations that do not exceed specific limits | No longer banned, subject to EU regulations |
Conclusion
While E110 (Sunset Yellow FCF) is an approved food additive in many countries, its side effects remain a topic of significant discussion, particularly regarding its link to hyperactivity in children and allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. The mandatory warning label in the EU highlights the recognized behavioral risk for children. Although major toxicological reviews have not found definitive evidence of genotoxicity or carcinogenicity at normal consumption levels, animal studies have raised concerns about immune system development and potential damage to the intestinal lining. Consumers, especially those with sensitivities or with children, are encouraged to check product labels and consider reducing their intake of artificial food colorings. For those concerned about specific health issues, consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.
Further information on food additives: For additional resources on food safety and additives, consult the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
