What are the side effects of E124 (Ponceau 4R)?

December 26, 2025 •

2 min read

Studies have shown a possible link between the consumption of synthetic food colorants like E124 and adverse health effects in certain individuals. Understanding what are the side effects of E124, also known as Ponceau 4R, is crucial for those who want to make informed decisions about their dietary choices.

Quick Summary

E124, a synthetic red azo dye also called Ponceau 4R, is linked to hyperactivity in children and allergic reactions like asthma in sensitive individuals. It is banned in the US and Norway due to safety concerns, but permitted with warnings in the EU.

Key Points

Hyperactivity Link: E124 (Ponceau 4R) has been linked to increased hyperactivity and attention deficits in children, a finding highlighted by the 2007 Southampton study.
Allergic Reactions: As an azo dye and histamine liberator, E124 can trigger allergic reactions including asthma, skin rashes, and hives in sensitive individuals.
Aspirin Sensitivity: People with an intolerance to aspirin may be particularly sensitive to E124 and other azo dyes.
Carcinogenic Concerns: Some animal studies and regulatory concerns have raised questions about E124's carcinogenic potential at high doses, leading to its ban in certain countries.
Global Restrictions: The use of E124 is banned in the US, Norway, and Finland, while the EU requires a warning label about potential behavioral effects in children.
Synthetic vs. Natural: E124 is a synthetic, petroleum-derived colorant, which differs from the natural, insect-based E120 (Cochineal), though both can carry allergy risks.

Understanding E124: The Red Azo Dye

E124, also known as Ponceau 4R, is a synthetic red azo dye derived from petroleum. It's widely used in the food industry for its stable red color. However, its use is restricted or banned in many countries due to health concerns.

Foods that may contain E124 include:

Jellies and jams
Packeted cake mixes and dessert toppings
Sweets and candies
Soft drinks and fruit pie fillings
Yogurts and gelatins
Some sauces, soups, and charcuterie

Potential Side Effects and Health Risks of E124

E124 can cause side effects in some people, primarily related to behavioral issues and allergic reactions.

Hyperactivity in Children

The 2007 Southampton study suggested a link between consuming a mix of food colors, including E124, and increased hyperactivity in some children. This led to the EU requiring a warning label on products containing E124: “May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children”.

Allergic and Intolerance Reactions

As an azo dye, E124 can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Symptoms can include:

Asthma: E124 may worsen asthma symptoms.
Skin reactions: Rashes, hives, and eczema have been reported.
Aspirin intolerance: Individuals sensitive to aspirin might also react to E124.

Other Potential Concerns

Ongoing research explores other potential effects of E124:

Carcinogenic potential: Some animal studies have suggested a link to mutagenic effects, raising concerns about potential carcinogenicity in some countries. However, bodies like the EFSA have set acceptable daily intake levels.
Genotoxicity: Research in animal models suggests possible damage to genetic material, though more human studies are needed.
Microbiome: There's some indication that synthetic dyes might affect gut bacteria and inflammation.

E124 vs. E120: A Comparison

Here's a comparison between synthetic E124 and natural E120 (Cochineal):


Feature	E124 (Ponceau 4R)	E120 (Cochineal/Carmine)
Origin	Synthetic azo dye from petroleum.	Natural dye from cochineal insects.
Allergic Risk	Linked to allergies like asthma and hives, especially for those with aspirin intolerance.	Rare allergic reactions due to insect proteins can occur.
Hyperactivity	Linked to hyperactivity in children.	No link to hyperactivity.
Banned in US?	Yes.	No, but requires specific labeling.
Vegan Status	Can be vegan.	Not vegan.

Regulatory Landscape and Consumer Actions

Regulations for E124 vary globally. The EU permits it with warning labels, while the US, Canada, Norway, and Finland have banned its use in food. Many manufacturers have voluntarily removed these colorants. Consumers concerned about E124 can read labels and choose whole foods or those with natural colorants.

Conclusion

While E124 is a common food colorant, concerns regarding its link to hyperactivity in children and allergic reactions in sensitive individuals are significant. Regulatory bodies have different approaches to its use. Being aware of what are the side effects of E124 helps consumers make informed choices about the foods they eat.

Food Standards Agency cites Southampton Study

Frequently Asked Questions

E124 is also known as Ponceau 4R, Cochineal Red A, or Brilliant Scarlet 4R.

The United States, Norway, Finland, and Canada are among the countries that have banned E124 from being used in food products.

Following the 2007 Southampton study, the European Union mandated a warning label for products containing E124 and other synthetic dyes due to their link to hyperactivity in children.

Yes, E124 is an azo dye and a histamine liberator, which can cause allergic reactions such as skin rashes, hives (urticaria), and intensify symptoms of asthma in susceptible individuals.

No, E124 is a synthetic, petroleum-derived dye, whereas cochineal (E120) is a natural dye derived from insects.

E124 is found in many brightly colored red food products, including jellies, sweets, soft drinks, dessert toppings, and certain processed meats like salami.

If you suspect an intolerance or allergic reaction to E124, it is best to avoid products containing this additive and consult a healthcare professional for guidance.