Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a nutrient-rich food for livestock and humans but can pose significant health risks when raw or as a supplement. The side effects range from digestive issues to food poisoning and the potential exacerbation of autoimmune conditions.
Common Digestive Issues
Eating alfalfa sprouts in moderation usually doesn't cause problems for healthy adults. However, some may have mild gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Bloating and Gas: The high fiber content in alfalfa can cause gas and bloating.
- Diarrhea and Stomach Cramps: These symptoms may result from food intolerance or sensitivity.
- Loose Stools: Some report loose stools from regular alfalfa consumption.
Serious Risks from Bacterial Contamination
Raw alfalfa sprouts' risk lies in contamination with harmful bacteria. The sprouting conditions are ideal for pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria.
The FDA has linked raw or lightly cooked sprouts to numerous foodborne illness outbreaks. Food poisoning symptoms can include diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
High-Risk Groups
Children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems should avoid raw sprouts altogether, as these infections can lead to life-threatening complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome or listeriosis.
Autoimmune Disease Concerns: The Role of L-Canavanine
Alfalfa seeds and sprouts contain L-canavanine. This has been linked to a lupus-like syndrome in monkeys and the reactivation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans.
L-canavanine may interfere with immune function and antibody synthesis, worsening symptoms in those with autoimmune diseases such as SLE, multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). People with a history of these conditions should avoid alfalfa supplements and seeds.
Potential Medication Interactions
Alfalfa can interact with several medications because of its nutrient content and natural compounds.
| Medication Type | Potential Interaction | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners) | Decreased effectiveness | Alfalfa has vitamin K, which promotes blood clotting and counteracts blood thinners like warfarin (Coumadin). |
| Diabetes Medications | Blood sugar drops too low (hypoglycemia) | Alfalfa may lower blood sugar levels, increasing the effect of antidiabetes drugs. |
| Estrogen/Birth Control Pills | Decreased effectiveness | Alfalfa contains phytoestrogens, which can mimic estrogen and interfere with the medication's effects. |
| Immunosuppressants | Decreased effectiveness | Alfalfa can increase immune system activity, which can counteract these medications' intended effect. |
Other Considerations and Warnings
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Alfalfa use is generally discouraged during pregnancy in amounts larger than those found in food due to a possible risk of uterine stimulation and potential contamination risks.
- Photosensitivity: Alfalfa may increase sensitivity to sunlight, potentially leading to sunburn or rashes, especially with other photosensitizing drugs.
- Gout: Alfalfa is high in purines, which people with gout are often advised to avoid.
- Hyperkalemia: Due to its high potassium content, alfalfa could cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) in certain individuals, particularly those with kidney issues.
Conclusion
Awareness of the potential risks and side effects of alfalfa is essential. The main concerns are bacterial contamination of raw sprouts and the presence of L-canavanine, which can pose a risk to individuals with autoimmune diseases. Those on blood clotting, diabetes, or hormone-related medications should consult a healthcare provider before including alfalfa in their diet or supplements.
Always practice safe food handling by rinsing sprouts thoroughly and avoiding raw consumption if you fall into a high-risk category. Cooking sprouts thoroughly can kill harmful bacteria.
