Licorice extract, derived from the root of the perennial herb Glycyrrhiza glabra, is known by several names depending on its form and region of use. While the term 'licorice extract' is a direct and widely understood label, specific contexts often use more precise nomenclature. Its root's sweetness comes primarily from glycyrrhizin, a compound up to 50 times sweeter than sugar.
Unpacking the Common Names for Licorice Extract
Beyond the straightforward 'licorice extract,' here are some of the most recognized common names:
- Mulethi: This is the common name for licorice in many parts of South Asia, particularly India and Pakistan, and is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for its medicinal properties. It is available as whole root, powder, or extract for oral consumption and topical application.
- Sweet Root: This is the literal translation of the Greek words 'glykys' and 'rhiza' that form its botanical name, Glycyrrhiza. The moniker reflects the root's naturally sweet flavor.
- Liquorice: In the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth countries, the plant and its products are spelled 'liquorice,' with both 'licorice' and 'liquorice' referring to the same substance.
- Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL): This is a special, processed form of licorice extract from which the glycyrrhizin compound has been removed. DGL is specifically used for medicinal purposes, especially for gastrointestinal issues, to avoid the side effects associated with high glycyrrhizin intake, such as high blood pressure.
- Gan Cao: This is the common name for licorice used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, where it is often included to harmonize other herbs in a formula.
The Extraction Process and Variations
To produce licorice extract, the roots of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant are harvested, chopped, and boiled in water. This process extracts the flavorful and active compounds. The resulting liquid is then concentrated into various forms, including syrups, powders, and solid blocks. The key difference in processing lies in whether the glycyrrhizin is retained or removed, leading to two main types of extract:
- Standard Licorice Extract: Contains glycyrrhizin and is used as a natural sweetener and flavoring in a wide array of foods, beverages, and tobacco products. It has medicinal properties but must be used with caution due to glycyrrhizin's potential side effects.
- Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) Extract: This form has had the glycyrrhizin removed, making it much safer for long-term therapeutic use. DGL retains other beneficial compounds, particularly flavonoids, and is highly regarded for its ability to soothe the stomach and support gut health.
The Role of Licorice in Modern Medicine and Skincare
Research has explored licorice extract's wide-ranging properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. In modern skincare, licorice root extract is valued for its ability to brighten skin and soothe inflammation. The flavonoid glabridin, in particular, has been shown to inhibit tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, helping to fade dark spots and even out skin tone.
Comparison: Licorice Extract vs. DGL
To better understand the differences between standard licorice extract and its deglycyrrhizinated counterpart, consider this comparison table:
| Feature | Standard Licorice Extract | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Key Compound | Contains glycyrrhizin | Glycyrrhizin has been mostly removed |
| Sweetness | Very sweet due to glycyrrhizin | Much less sweet; sweetness is primarily from other compounds |
| Safety for Long-Term Use | Potential for serious side effects with high, long-term consumption | Considered safer for long-term use, especially for digestive support |
| Primary Use | Flavoring, sweetener, and medicinal applications | Targeted therapeutic use for stomach and intestinal issues |
| Risks | Increased blood pressure, low potassium, fluid retention | Minimal risks due to the removal of glycyrrhizin |
Conclusion
In summary, the common name for licorice extract is 'licorice extract,' also known as 'liquorice extract,' and the popular Ayurvedic name 'mulethi.' However, it is crucial to recognize the important distinction between standard licorice extract containing glycyrrhizin and its processed, safer counterpart, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL). Whether used for its distinct sweet flavor or its historical medicinal properties, understanding the differences helps ensure safe and effective use.
For more information on the history and traditional uses of licorice, you can consult historical medical texts, such as those discussed in this academic article: A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe.
