The Truth Behind PLU Codes and GMOs
For years, a persistent grocery store rumor has circulated: a five-digit PLU code beginning with the number '8' signifies a genetically modified organism (GMO). This has led many health-conscious consumers to scrutinize produce stickers, but relying on this code is a misunderstanding of the voluntary system. The truth is that the '8' prefix was a reserved code, not one ever widely implemented or used for its original purpose in retail. The organization that assigns these codes, the International Federation for Produce Standards (IFPS), officially abandoned the use of the '8' prefix for GMOs back in 2015. Instead, the modern standard for identifying bioengineered food is different and mandated by law, not a voluntary sticker code.
History of the '8' Prefix
The PLU code system was introduced to simplify inventory and pricing at the checkout counter for grocery stores. The codes distinguish between conventional and organic varieties of the same produce item, among other things. Early on, the IFPS reserved the '8' prefix to designate genetically modified produce. However, retailers never adopted this practice for several reasons, including the low number of approved genetically engineered fresh produce items sold and a general lack of incentive to highlight the GMO status. As a result, the '8' prefix simply became an unused code until the IFPS announced its reassignment. The prefix is now slated for future use with new product assignments once the current 3000 and 4000 code series are exhausted. The rumor, however, has persisted long after its relevance faded.
How to Read a PLU Code Correctly
While the '8' prefix for GMOs is a myth, PLU codes are still useful for distinguishing between conventional and organic produce. Here’s a quick guide to decoding the digits:
- 4-Digit PLU Code: Most four-digit PLU codes (typically in the 3000 or 4000 series) denote conventionally grown produce, meaning the items were produced using standard farming methods that may include synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. For example, a conventional banana is often labeled with 4011.
- 5-Digit PLU Code Starting with '9': A five-digit code that begins with the number '9' indicates that the produce is USDA certified organic. This means the product was grown without synthetic materials, following organic farming standards. For instance, an organic banana will have the code 94011.
It is important to remember that these codes are voluntary tools for retailers, not a government-mandated labeling system for consumers. The most reliable indicator for a specific growing method is a credible certification label, such as the USDA Organic seal, which is a strictly enforced standard.
The Official Bioengineered Food Labeling Standard
For those seeking to avoid genetically modified ingredients, the most reliable method is to look for the legally mandated "Bioengineered" (BE) label, not the PLU code. As of January 1, 2022, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implemented the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard. This standard requires food manufacturers, importers, and retailers to disclose if a food contains genetically engineered ingredients.
Here's what to look for:
- The Bioengineered (BE) Label: A round or shield-shaped label featuring the letters "BE" explicitly indicates that the product contains bioengineered food. This is the only official, enforceable standard for retail GMO labeling in the United States.
- Certified Organic Label: Any product bearing the USDA Certified Organic seal is also certified as non-GMO. The national organic program prohibits the use of excluded methods, including genetic engineering, in certified organic products.
- Non-GMO Project Verified: This is a third-party, independent verification program that requires rigorous testing to ensure products meet their non-GMO standards.
The Importance of Reliable Information
Navigating food labels can be confusing, especially when misinformation like the mythical '8' prefix is so pervasive. By understanding the correct labeling standards, consumers can make informed decisions based on factual information rather than outdated rumors. The official BE symbol and the certified organic label are the definitive markers for identifying GMOs and non-GMO status, respectively, for fresh produce and packaged goods.
Comparison of PLU and Labeling Standards
| Attribute | Conventional Produce | Certified Organic Produce | Bioengineered Food (BE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PLU Code Format | 4 digits (e.g., 4011) | 5 digits starting with '9' (e.g., 94011) | Not indicated by PLU code |
| Labeling Standard | No specific label required beyond PLU | Mandatory USDA Organic seal for certified items | Mandatory USDA "Bioengineered" (BE) label on package |
| Designation | Grown conventionally, potentially with synthetic pesticides | Grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetic engineering | Contains genetically engineered ingredients |
| Regulatory Body | Governed by general food safety standards | USDA National Organic Program | USDA National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard |
| Best Identified By | The 4-digit PLU code | The USDA Organic seal, or the '9' prefix PLU | The BE symbol on packaged goods, or certified organic status |
Conclusion: Looking Beyond the Sticker
The notion that a PLU code starting with '8' signifies a GMO product is a popular but outdated myth. While the code was once reserved for this purpose, it was never used at retail and has since been repurposed by the IFPS. Consumers looking for accurate information on genetically modified foods should instead rely on official, government-mandated labeling. In the U.S., this means looking for the Bioengineered (BE) symbol on packaged goods. For non-GMO produce, the five-digit PLU beginning with '9' reliably indicates an organic product. Being an educated shopper requires understanding that the tools used by retailers for inventory (PLU codes) are distinct from the official, legally required labels designed for consumer disclosure.
For more information on the PLU coding system, you can consult the official International Federation for Produce Standards website.
