Understanding the Different Types of Sparkling Water
Not all fizzy beverages are created equal. The term 'sparkling water' is often used interchangeably, but there are distinct differences in sourcing and composition that can affect both taste and safety.
Seltzer Water
Seltzer is plain water artificially infused with carbon dioxide (CO2). It contains no added minerals or salts, giving it a pure, unadulterated flavor profile. Because it starts as plain water, its quality depends heavily on the filtration process used by the manufacturer.
Mineral Water
Mineral water is sourced from naturally protected underground reservoirs and springs. As it flows through rock formations, it picks up natural minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Some mineral waters are naturally carbonated from gases found in the spring, while others may have CO2 added later by bottlers.
Club Soda
Club soda is artificially carbonated water with added mineral salts like sodium bicarbonate and potassium sulfate to enhance the flavor. These added compounds are what give it a slightly saltier taste compared to unflavored seltzer.
Tonic Water
Tonic water is different from the others due to the addition of quinine, which provides a bitter flavor. It also typically contains added sugars or high-fructose corn syrup, making it more akin to a soft drink than a healthy water alternative.
The Primary Safety Concerns
When selecting a sparkling water, being an informed consumer is critical for avoiding potential health risks.
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Recent tests by organizations like Consumer Reports have detected PFAS in some popular sparkling water brands. These "forever chemicals" have been linked to various health issues and do not break down easily in the environment or the body. Some brands, like Topo Chico, lowered their PFAS levels following public scrutiny, while others tested non-detectable.
Dental Enamel Erosion
All carbonated water contains carbonic acid, which is formed when CO2 dissolves in water. This makes sparkling water mildly acidic. While far less acidic than soda, frequent consumption, especially of flavored varieties with added citric acid, can potentially erode tooth enamel over time. Experts suggest drinking in moderation, using a straw, and rinsing with plain water afterward to mitigate this risk.
Added Sugars and Artificial Sweeteners
Many flavored sparkling water products contain added sugars or artificial sweeteners like aspartame and sucralose. Sugars contribute empty calories and promote tooth decay, while artificial sweeteners, although generally recognized as safe, can train your palate to crave sweetness and may cause digestive upset in some individuals. The healthiest choice is to stick to products with zero sugar and zero sweeteners.
How to Choose Safe Sparkling Water
Choosing a safe sparkling water is straightforward if you know what to look for on the label.
- Prioritize plain and unflavored: The safest sparkling waters are plain or minimally flavored without added sugars or artificial sweeteners. This reduces acidity and avoids unknown additives.
- Read ingredient labels carefully: Look for a simple ingredient list: carbonated water and possibly natural flavor or fruit essences. Avoid anything with added sugars, artificial sweeteners, or preservatives like phosphoric acid.
- Check for recent testing data: Consult reliable third-party testing organizations, like Consumer Reports, for up-to-date information on PFAS levels in specific brands.
- Opt for reverse osmosis: Brands that use reverse osmosis to filter their water, such as Aura Bora and Nixie, may have lower PFAS levels, as this method is effective at filtering out these chemicals.
- Consider mineral water: Natural sparkling mineral waters from protected sources often have low or non-detectable levels of PFAS, but it's important to check recent reports. Brands like Gerolsteiner have tested clean in some reports.
Comparison of Popular Sparkling Water Brands
To help you make an informed choice, here is a comparison of some widely available brands based on reported safety profiles and ingredients.
| Brand | PFAS Status (as of 2025) | Sweeteners/Flavors | Key Feature | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spindrift | Low (undetected in some tests) | Real fruit juice, no added sugars | Uses real fruit for flavor, leading to slightly higher calories than zero-calorie options | Safe, real-fruit flavoring |
| Waterloo | Low (undetected in some tests) | Natural fruit essences, no added sugars or sweeteners | Bold flavor profile | Budget-friendly, uses essences |
| Mountain Valley | Non-detectable | None (plain) | Naturally sourced spring water | Cleanest water in some rankings, available still and sparkling |
| Gerolsteiner | Non-detectable | None (plain) | Naturally sourced mineral water | Reported non-detectable for PFAS in recent tests, comes in glass bottles |
| Topo Chico | Detectable (levels reduced post-2020) | Varies by flavor | Famous for its crisp taste and high carbonation | PFAS detected, though reduced; moderation recommended |
| LaCroix | Detectable | Natural fruit essences, no added sugars | Widely popular and available | PFAS detected; uses natural essences |
| Perrier | Detectable | Varies by flavor | Classic European mineral water | PFAS detected; mineral content |
Tips for Healthier Sparkling Water Consumption
Even with safe sparkling waters, how you drink them can impact your health, particularly your teeth.
- Drink in moderation: Balance sparkling water with plain, still water throughout the day. This helps neutralize mouth acidity and ensures you're staying adequately hydrated.
- Use a straw: A straw helps bypass your teeth, minimizing contact with the carbonic acid and reducing the risk of enamel erosion.
- Pair with meals: Drinking sparkling water during meals, when saliva production is naturally higher, can help buffer against acidity.
- Rinse with plain water: After enjoying a carbonated drink, take a moment to rinse your mouth with plain water to help re-neutralize the pH balance.
- Consider a home carbonation system: Using a system like SodaStream allows you to control the ingredients and avoid purchasing bottled products that may contain contaminants.
Conclusion: Sip Smarter, Not Harder
While sparkling water is a healthier alternative to sugary soft drinks, it's not a completely risk-free option. Health-conscious consumers should remain vigilant regarding ingredients and potential contaminants like PFAS. The safest options are typically plain, unflavored varieties sourced from clean locations or filtered via reverse osmosis. By carefully reading labels and adopting smart drinking habits, you can continue to enjoy your bubbly beverage without unnecessary worry. For the most recent information on specific brands, always check with reputable consumer safety organizations like Consumer Reports.
