Unveiling the Genetically Modified Apple: The Arctic Apple
When people ask, "does Apple contain GMO," they're often unaware that the concern revolves around a single, specific innovation: the Arctic apple. Developed by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, the Arctic apple is genetically engineered to solve a common problem—enzymatic browning. Unlike traditional apples, which turn brown when exposed to oxygen, Arctic apples have had the gene controlling polyphenol oxidase (PPO) silenced, which is the enzyme responsible for this process.
How is the Arctic Apple created?
The creation of the Arctic apple is a prime example of modern agricultural biotechnology. Researchers identified the gene responsible for the PPO enzyme and used a technique called RNA interference to effectively 'turn off' that gene. This does not involve adding genes from other species, but rather modifying the apple's existing DNA. This targeted approach achieves a desirable trait—a non-browning apple—without altering other characteristics like flavor or texture. The developers see this as a benefit that will help reduce food waste, as many consumers discard apples that are perfectly fine but have turned brown.
Identifying a GMO apple at the store
For consumers concerned about avoiding GMOs, knowing how to identify Arctic apples is crucial. In the United States, federal law requires that bioengineered foods display a disclosure on their packaging. This disclosure can be a USDA 'Bioengineered' label, a phone number to text for information, or simply text stating that the product is bioengineered.
- Check for packaging: Arctic apples are often sold pre-sliced or in bags, making labeling easier to implement.
- Look for the Arctic logo: The company also uses its own distinctive branding and logo to identify its product.
- Be aware of loopholes: The mandatory labeling law has a loophole for food served in restaurants, school cafeterias, and other food service venues.
- Check the PLU code: A common myth is that PLU codes indicate GMO status, but this is false. A five-digit code starting with an '8' for organic is for organic products, while a four-digit code is for conventionally grown produce.
Comparison of GMO vs. Traditionally Bred Apples
The table below outlines the key differences between the Arctic (GMO) apple and a naturally selected variety like the Cosmic Crisp.
| Feature | Arctic Apple (GMO) | Cosmic Crisp (Naturally Selected) |
|---|---|---|
| Browning Resistance | Advanced non-browning technology due to genetic engineering. | Naturally browns over time when exposed to oxygen. |
| Development Method | Direct genetic manipulation using RNA interference to silence the browning gene. | Traditional cross-pollination and selection over many years to combine desirable traits. |
| Shelf Life | Extended shelf life, especially for pre-sliced versions, thanks to the non-browning trait. | Long-lasting due to natural breeding for storage properties, but will brown when cut. |
| Flavor Profile | Consistent, mild flavor profile. | Sweet-tart and juicy with a crisp texture, developed through natural selection. |
| Labeling | Must be labeled as 'Bioengineered' when sold to consumers in the US. | Often bears a 'Non-GMO Project Verified' label, like the Opal apple. |
| Primary Benefit | Reduces food waste by preventing browning and providing convenience. | Appeals to consumers who prefer a robust, naturally developed flavor and texture. |
Are other apples non-GMO?
The vast majority of apples available today, including common varieties like Gala, Honeycrisp, and Granny Smith, are developed through traditional breeding methods, not genetic engineering. These non-GMO apples are the result of centuries of selective cross-pollination to cultivate traits like specific flavors, colors, and storage capabilities. Some modern varieties, like the Opal apple, were also created through traditional cross-breeding to achieve non-browning traits, but without genetic engineering.
Consumers should also understand the distinction between genetic modification and selective breeding. For thousands of years, humans have been modifying the genetics of crops through selective breeding to produce desirable traits. This is a natural process that has given us the immense variety of fruits and vegetables we enjoy today. Genetic engineering, a much newer and more precise technology, allows scientists to make changes to an organism's DNA directly in a lab setting. This is the technology used to create the Arctic apple.
Conclusion
While the vast majority of apples on the market are non-GMO, the question "does Apple contain GMO?" has a nuanced answer. Yes, a specific type of genetically engineered apple, the Arctic apple, is commercially available and designed to resist browning. These apples are required to be labeled in the US when sold directly to consumers. The rest of the diverse world of apples, from the common Granny Smith to heirloom varieties, are non-GMO. Ultimately, the choice to consume or avoid GMO apples comes down to consumer preference, with clear labeling and alternative options available to help guide purchasing decisions.
An excellent non-GMO alternative is the Opal apple, which naturally resists browning through traditional breeding and carries the 'Non-GMO Project Verified' label. More information about agricultural biotechnology can be found on the FDA website.
