The Difference Between Candy and Root: An Important Distinction
Before exploring its benefits, it is crucial to understand that most black licorice candies sold in the United States and other Western countries do not contain real licorice root. Instead, they are typically flavored with anise oil, which mimics the taste but lacks the active medicinal compounds. The health effects discussed here pertain to extracts from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, which are found in herbal supplements, teas, and some specialty candies. The concentration of active compounds, particularly glycyrrhizin, can vary significantly between products, directly impacting their effects on the body.
Therapeutic Potential: The Benefits of Licorice Root
For centuries, the medicinal properties of licorice root have been used to treat a wide array of conditions, with ongoing research continuing to uncover its potential.
Digestive Health Support
- Relief from Acid Reflux and Heartburn: Licorice root can help alleviate symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Studies suggest that a compound called deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) can be more effective than standard antacids over the long term, potentially by increasing the production of protective stomach mucus and improving blood flow to the stomach lining.
- Healing Peptic Ulcers: The root and its extracts, including DGL, show promise in treating peptic ulcers caused by the H. pylori bacteria. Licorice compounds have been shown to help eliminate this bacterium when combined with standard antibiotic therapy. They also soothe the stomach lining and promote healing by increasing mucus secretion.
Upper Respiratory Relief
- Soothes Sore Throats and Coughs: As a traditional remedy, licorice acts as a demulcent and expectorant, helping to clear mucus and soothe irritated airways. It can be found in throat lozenges and herbal teas for its soothing properties.
- Anti-inflammatory Effects for Asthma: The anti-inflammatory properties of glycyrrhizin have been investigated for their potential to relieve asthma symptoms, especially when used alongside standard treatments.
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties
- Inflammatory Conditions: The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds in licorice, such as glycyrrhizin, can help manage conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and atopic dermatitis (eczema). A cream containing licorice extract has even been found to be as effective as hydrocortisone cream for treating eczema.
- Protects Against Cellular Damage: The flavonoids present in licorice root are potent antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This protective effect may also extend to liver health.
Other Potential Uses
- Menopause Symptoms: Some studies have shown that licorice root extract may help reduce the frequency and severity of hot flashes due to its phytoestrogenic properties.
- Oral Health: Research suggests that specific compounds in licorice root may inhibit bacteria that cause dental cavities and other oral health issues, including canker sores.
Significant Health Risks and Precautions
Despite its potential benefits, licorice root is not without risks, primarily due to the compound glycyrrhizin. High or long-term consumption of glycyrrhizin-containing products can lead to serious health issues.
Major Concerns with Glycyrrhizin
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Glycyrrhizin inhibits an enzyme that regulates cortisol, leading to mineralocorticoid-like effects that can cause the body to retain sodium and water, increasing blood pressure.
- Hypokalemia (Low Potassium): Fluid retention caused by glycyrrhizin can also lead to dangerously low potassium levels, which can cause irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia), muscle weakness, and other serious health problems.
Drug Interactions
- Licorice can interact with many medications, including blood pressure drugs, diuretics, corticosteroids, and blood thinners like warfarin, potentially interfering with their effectiveness or increasing side effects.
At-Risk Individuals
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other health organizations advise that individuals over 40, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and those with pre-existing conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, or high blood pressure should be particularly cautious or avoid licorice altogether. Excessive consumption can be dangerous and, in rare cases, even fatal.
The Role of Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
For those interested in the gastrointestinal benefits of licorice without the cardiovascular risks associated with glycyrrhizin, Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) is available. This processed form has the glycyrrhizin removed, making it a safer option for digestive complaints.
| Licorice Forms: Glycyrrhizin vs. DGL | Feature | Glycyrrhizin-Containing Licorice | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Active Compound | Glycyrrhizin | Flavonoids (glycyrrhizin removed) | |
| Potential Benefits | Respiratory, hormonal balance, anti-inflammatory | Soothes digestive tract, anti-ulcer | |
| Associated Risks | High blood pressure, low potassium (hypokalemia) | Minimal; considered safer for long-term use | |
| Consumption Method | Herbal teas, tinctures, extracts | Chewable tablets, capsules, lozenges | |
| Medical Precaution | Use caution, avoid high intake; consult doctor | Safer for most, but consult doctor for specific conditions |
How to Safely Incorporate Licorice
For those without contraindications, moderate and informed use is key. When purchasing licorice-based products, always check the label to determine if it contains licorice root extract or is deglycyrrhizinated (DGL). Use only high-quality products from reputable brands, and be mindful of recommended dosages, which can vary by preparation. Always consult a healthcare professional before beginning any new herbal regimen, particularly if you have pre-existing health conditions or are on medication.
Conclusion
While the black licorice candy most people are familiar with is largely sugar and artificial flavoring, true licorice root possesses a range of potential health benefits, primarily attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive-supportive properties. These effects are largely due to the active compound glycyrrhizin, which also carries significant risks, including the potential for dangerously high blood pressure and low potassium levels with overuse. For those seeking benefits without these risks, DGL offers a safer alternative focused on digestive health. As with any powerful herb, moderation, due diligence, and medical consultation are essential to ensure a safe experience and maximize therapeutic potential.(https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/licorice-root) This dual nature of black licorice—offering therapeutic promise but demanding careful use—underscores the importance of separating folk remedy from scientific understanding.
