What is Diatomaceous Earth?
Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a naturally occurring, soft, powdery rock made from the fossilized remains of tiny aquatic organisms called diatoms. These microscopic diatoms have skeletons composed primarily of silica, or silicon dioxide, which gives the resulting powder its unique, abrasive properties.
Over millions of years, these fossilized diatom shells accumulate in the sediment of former lake and riverbeds, which are then mined, dried, and ground into the fine powder known today as diatomaceous earth. It is this high silica content and microscopic, porous structure that proponents claim offers various health benefits, though scientific support for these claims is sparse. It's crucial to understand that not all DE is created equal; its processing determines its safety for ingestion.
Food-Grade vs. Industrial-Grade: A Crucial Distinction
The single most important factor for anyone considering consuming diatomaceous earth is understanding the difference between food-grade and industrial-grade products. Using the wrong type can have severe consequences for your health.
Industrial-Grade Diatomaceous Earth
This form is treated with high heat, which converts its silica into a dangerous crystalline form. It is used for industrial purposes, such as filtering water in swimming pools and in dynamite production, and is toxic to mammals if consumed or inhaled.
Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth
Food-grade DE, mined from freshwater sources, contains mostly amorphous silica and is processed to have very low levels (less than 1%) of crystalline silica. The FDA recognizes it as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS) for specific applications, such as an anti-caking agent or filtering aid in food manufacturing, where only trace amounts remain in the final product. This designation, however, does not mean the FDA endorses its use as a direct dietary supplement with proven health benefits.
Comparing Diatomaceous Earth Grades
| Feature | Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth | Industrial/Filter-Grade Diatomaceous Earth |
|---|---|---|
| Processing | Dried and milled; not heat-treated. | Heated to high temperatures (calcined). |
| Silica Type | Mostly amorphous silica. | High concentration of dangerous crystalline silica (around 60%). |
| Heavy Metals | Must meet strict specifications for minimal arsenic and lead content. | Does not have strict heavy metal limits. |
| Primary Use | Anti-caking agent, filtration aid, natural insecticide. | Pool filtration, abrasives, dynamite. |
| Consumption Safety | Generally recognized as safe by the FDA for specific food applications; not proven as a health supplement. | Toxic if ingested or inhaled. |
The Claims vs. The Evidence: What the Science Says
Many online sources and blogs promote diatomaceous earth for a range of health benefits, but these claims are largely anecdotal and lack sufficient scientific backing from human studies.
Unsubstantiated Health Claims
Proponents of oral diatomaceous earth claim it offers benefits such as:
- Detoxification: The theory that DE binds to and removes heavy metals and other toxins from the body is extrapolated from its use in industrial filtration. There is no clinical proof this mechanism works similarly in the human digestive system.
- Improved Digestive Health: While some users report better digestion, regulated bowel movements, or parasite cleansing, these effects are not substantiated by scientific evidence in humans.
- Enhanced Hair, Skin, and Nails: Claims that the silica in DE improves the health of hair, skin, and nails are speculative. Although silica is a component of connective tissues, it's unclear how effectively the body absorbs silica from ingested diatomaceous earth.
- Boosted Bone Health: Due to its silica content, it is sometimes claimed to improve bone density. Some reviews suggest a link between dietary silicon and bone health, but the specific benefit from consuming DE is unproven.
The Need for More Research
While a small, short-term study showed a reduction in cholesterol levels in some participants, this research is insufficient to confirm safety or effectiveness. Nutrition experts generally recommend against using diatomaceous earth as a dietary supplement due to the lack of evidence-based research.
Important Safety Precautions and Potential Side Effects
Even with food-grade diatomaceous earth, safety should be the top priority. The primary risk associated with all forms of DE is inhalation.
Respiratory Hazards
Inhaling the fine dust, even from food-grade products, can irritate the nasal passages, throat, and lungs. Chronic exposure to high concentrations of crystalline silica, like that found in industrial-grade DE, can lead to serious lung diseases such as silicosis, a condition where silica dust causes inflammation and scarring in the lungs. Always wear a mask when handling the powder and work in a well-ventilated area.
Other Potential Side Effects
- Gastrointestinal Distress: Some people report side effects like flu-like symptoms or stomach upset when first starting to use DE orally. These are anecdotal and should be monitored. If symptoms persist for more than a few days, discontinue use and consult a doctor.
- Dryness and Irritation: The abrasive nature of DE can cause dryness and irritation if it comes into contact with the eyes or skin.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Due to insufficient reliable information, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding are advised to avoid using diatomaceous earth.
Natural Sources of Dietary Silica
For those interested in increasing their silica intake, many health experts recommend incorporating natural, silica-rich foods into the diet rather than relying on supplements like diatomaceous earth. Options include:
- Oats and other whole grains
- Bananas and dried fruits
- Green beans
- Nuts and seeds
- Mineral water
Conclusion
While food-grade diatomaceous earth is generally considered safe for use as a processing aid in small amounts by the FDA, the notion that it is a healthy dietary supplement to consume is not supported by robust scientific evidence. The majority of claims regarding detox, digestive health, and cosmetic benefits are anecdotal. The primary risk of respiratory irritation from inhalation, even with food-grade products, necessitates careful handling. For those interested in its claimed benefits, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional first and to always prioritize safety by using proper precautions. For a more proven approach to boosting your diet with minerals, incorporating silica-rich whole foods is the recommended path. For more information on the different types of DE, consult reputable resources like the National Pesticide Information Center.
Resources
- The National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC): Provides comprehensive factsheets on Diatomaceous Earth, explaining its different forms, uses, and risks.
