Understanding Red Dye 3 and the FDA Ban
Red Dye No. 3, also known as Erythrosine or FD&C Red No. 3, is a synthetic food coloring derived from petroleum. For decades, it was used to create a vibrant cherry-red hue in thousands of food products, including candies, snacks, and medications. However, its history has been fraught with controversy. As far back as the 1980s, animal studies began linking the additive to thyroid cancer in rats. Based on a 1990 determination, the FDA banned its use in cosmetics and topical drugs but, for over 30 years, failed to take similar action regarding its use in food.
This decades-long regulatory paradox came to an end in January 2025, when the FDA, prompted by a 2022 petition from consumer advocacy groups, finally acted. The ban is based on the Delaney Clause of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which mandates prohibiting any food additive that causes cancer in humans or animals. Manufacturers of affected products have until January 2027 to reformulate their food items, while drug manufacturers have until January 2028.
What Candy Has Red Dye 3? A Pre-Ban List
Before the FDA ban announcement, many popular candies contained Red Dye 3. While many major manufacturers have already transitioned away from the dye in recent years to comply with various state regulations or consumer demand, some products may still be on shelves until 2027. Careful label reading is the best approach to ensure you're avoiding it. Candies that were known to contain or have previously used Red Dye 3 include:
- Pez Candy (Assorted Fruit)
- Brach's Candy Corn and Conversation Hearts
- Some Jelly Belly varieties
- Dubble Bubble Original Twist Bubble Gum
- Trolli Sour Crunchy Crawlers
- Sixlets
- Certain fruit-flavored snacks like some versions of Fruit by the Foot
It is important to note that many companies have already changed their formulations. For instance, M&M's removed Red Dye 3 years ago, and PEEPS and certain Ferrara products (including some Brach's items) have since been reformulated. However, checking the label remains the only way to be certain until the 2027 deadline is reached.
Reading Labels and Finding Alternatives
For those looking to reduce or eliminate artificial additives from their diet, understanding how to read ingredient labels is crucial. On the label, Red Dye 3 will be listed by its full name or numerical designation. You should look for 'Red Dye 3', 'FD&C Red No. 3', or 'Erythrosine'. The simplest strategy for avoiding artificial additives is to focus on whole, unprocessed foods that don't even have a lengthy ingredient list.
For products where a red color is expected, such as ice cream or candy, look for natural colorants. Many manufacturers are already making the switch to plant-based options.
Comparing Red Dye 3 and Red Dye 40
With Red Dye 3 being phased out, consumers should be aware of other common synthetic dyes. Red Dye 40 is the most widely used food dye in the US and is often used as a replacement for Red Dye 3. While Red Dye 40 is not banned federally, it has raised its own set of concerns.
| Feature | Red Dye 3 (Erythrosine) | Red Dye 40 (Allura Red AC) |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory Status (US) | Banned from food (effective January 2027). | Approved for use. |
| Regulatory Status (EU) | Highly restricted since 1994 (only candied cherries). | Approved, but requires a warning label on products stating potential effects on activity in children. |
| Primary Health Concerns | Linked to thyroid cancer in rats; potential neurobehavioral and hormonal disruption. | Linked to hyperactivity and neurobehavioral issues in some children. |
| Common Use | Candies, maraschino cherries, icings, some sodas. | Candies, cereals, snack foods, sports drinks, sodas. |
Transitioning to a Whole-Foods Diet
The FDA's ban is a clear indicator that relying on heavily processed foods can expose you to unnecessary and potentially harmful additives. A simple shift toward a whole-foods diet can significantly reduce your intake of such chemicals. A whole-foods diet prioritizes ingredients as close to their natural state as possible, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and lean proteins.
Here are some steps to start your transition:
- Shop the perimeter: Most grocery stores place fresh produce, meats, and dairy around the outer edges, while processed foods are in the central aisles.
- Cook at home: Preparing meals from scratch gives you complete control over ingredients. Use natural spices and herbs instead of relying on pre-made sauces or seasonings that often contain dyes and preservatives.
- Embrace natural colors: Experiment with natural coloring agents. Beetroot powder for red, turmeric for yellow, and spirulina for blue and green are excellent options for vibrant and healthy food.
- Choose natural brands: Many health-conscious brands now offer products colored with natural alternatives, like fruit and vegetable juices.
Conclusion: The Path to a Healthier Pantry
The FDA's ban on Red Dye 3 reinforces the need for vigilance when it comes to the ingredients in our food. While certain candies were once notorious for containing this additive, consumer awareness and regulatory action have prompted a shift towards safer alternatives. By understanding which products have been affected, learning to read labels for specific color additives, and focusing on a whole-foods diet, you can make more informed and healthier choices for yourself and your family. This move away from synthetic dyes in favor of natural colorants represents a significant step forward for food safety and nutrition.
