Distinguishing Indian Borage from Common Borage
Many people confuse Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus, also known as Cuban oregano or ajwain plant) with common borage (Borago officinalis, or starflower), but they are two completely different plants from different families. The vast majority of severe side effect warnings in herbal literature pertain to Borago officinalis, not the Indian variety. The risks associated with common borage are largely due to its content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are toxic to the liver, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which can affect blood clotting. The confusion between these two herbs is a significant source of misinformation regarding the safety of Indian borage.
Side Effects of True Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus)
For the herb correctly identified as Indian borage, side effects are generally mild and linked to excessive intake. The plant is widely considered safe for consumption in moderate culinary and traditional medicinal quantities. Potential side effects can include:
- Gastrointestinal Upset: The most commonly reported issues are stomach upset, bloating, excessive gas, and nausea. These effects usually subside when the intake is reduced or discontinued.
- Heartburn: Some individuals may experience heartburn, especially when consuming larger quantities or when their body is not accustomed to the herb.
- Heating Effect: In some traditional medicinal systems, Indian borage is considered to be 'heating', and excessive use is warned against to prevent imbalance.
- Allergic Reactions: As with any plant, an allergic reaction is possible, though rare. Symptoms may include a skin rash or irritation.
Serious Risks Associated with Common Borage (Borago officinalis)
It is critical to be aware of the more serious risks of common borage (Borago officinalis) to avoid misattribution. This plant is a known source of compounds that can cause significant harm, particularly when consumed in large doses or over long periods.
Liver Toxicity
Common borage contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are hepatotoxic and can cause severe liver damage, especially when used chronically. For this reason, it is strongly advised to only use common borage oil that is certified PA-free. The leaves, flowers, and microgreens contain the highest levels of PAs and pose a substantial risk.
Increased Bleeding Risk
The seeds of common borage are a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). While GLA has some beneficial properties, it can also act as a blood thinner, increasing the risk of bruising and bleeding. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications should use extreme caution.
Seizure Risk
Rare case reports have linked the ingestion of very high doses of common borage oil to seizures. Individuals with a history of epilepsy or those on medications that lower the seizure threshold should avoid it.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Due to the presence of PAs and other potentially harmful compounds, common borage is considered unsafe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. The alkaloids can pass to the fetus or infant through breast milk and cause serious harm.
Blue Baby Syndrome
Consumption of pureed common borage, which can contain high nitrate levels, has been linked to a rare blood disorder called blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) in infants. This is another reason to avoid this herb during early childhood.
Drug Interactions and Contraindications
When considering Indian borage, it's wise to consider general interactions applicable to the Coleus genus, which includes some forms of Indian borage, and specific interactions for common borage.
Coleus Species (including Plectranthus amboinicus):
- Blood Thinners: Some compounds, particularly forskolin from certain Coleus varieties, may increase the risk of bleeding.
- Blood Pressure Medications: Forskolin can lower blood pressure, which could cause it to drop too low in conjunction with antihypertensive drugs.
Common Borage (Borago officinalis):
- Blood Thinners & NSAIDs: Increases bleeding risk with anticoagulants (warfarin, clopidogrel) and NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen).
- Liver-Toxic Medications: Using it with drugs that affect the liver (ketoconazole, anabolic steroids) can increase the risk of liver damage due to PAs.
- Phenothiazines: May increase the risk of seizures when taken with phenothiazine medications.
Comparison Table: Indian Borage vs. Common Borage
| Feature | Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus) | Common Borage (Borago officinalis) |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatotoxic PAs | No significant risk reported in human studies | Significant risk, especially from leaves and flowers |
| GLA Content | Not a significant source | High, especially in seed oil, increasing bleeding risk |
| Common Side Effects | Mild gastrointestinal upset from high intake | Nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and headache |
| Severe Risks | No serious risks with moderate use | Liver toxicity, seizures (high doses), bleeding issues |
| Contraindications | Caution with blood thinners, blood pressure meds | Pregnancy, breastfeeding, liver disease, epilepsy, surgery |
Safe Use and Recommended Dosages
For Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus), safety depends largely on dosage and form. Moderate use in cooking is generally safe for healthy individuals. For medicinal purposes like soothing a cough, a single crushed leaf with honey is a common remedy. It is not recommended to use the same leaf more than twice in a steamer for respiratory relief. The key is moderation and listening to your body's response, as excessive intake can cause discomfort. It is crucial to avoid long-term use and high dosages of common borage (Borago officinalis), and pregnant or breastfeeding women must avoid it entirely. For common borage oil, always ensure it is certified PA-free. As with any herbal supplement, consulting a healthcare professional before use is recommended, especially for those with pre-existing conditions or on other medications. A comprehensive overview of borage oil, its uses, and precautions can be found on Healthline.
Conclusion
While Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus) and common borage (Borago officinalis) share a name, their safety profiles are dramatically different. Indian borage, when used in moderation, poses minimal risk and its side effects are typically limited to mild gastrointestinal discomfort from overconsumption. In contrast, common borage contains toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and high levels of GLA, which present a serious risk of liver damage, increased bleeding, and other severe health issues. The critical takeaway is to correctly identify the plant and follow appropriate usage guidelines. Never use common borage medicinally without proper certification (PA-free) and professional guidance, and avoid it entirely if pregnant or breastfeeding. By understanding these key distinctions, consumers can use Indian borage safely and avoid the hazards associated with its unrelated namesake.
Key Takeaways
- Misidentification Risk: Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus) is a different plant than common borage (Borago officinalis), and misidentification can lead to severe health risks.
- Indian Borage Safety: In moderate culinary and traditional doses, Indian borage is generally considered safe, with side effects limited to mild digestive upset from overconsumption.
- Common Borage Dangers: Common borage contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and high levels of GLA, posing risks of liver damage, bleeding, and seizures.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: All products derived from common borage (Borago officinalis) are contraindicated for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the risk posed by PAs.
- Drug Interactions: Exercise caution with Indian borage if on blood thinners or blood pressure medication, and avoid common borage if taking blood thinners, liver-toxic drugs, or phenothiazines.
- Certified Products: Always opt for certified PA-free products when purchasing supplements derived from common borage to mitigate liver toxicity risks.
