What is Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS)?
Nickel is a common metal found throughout our environment and food supply. For the majority of people, this isn't an issue. However, for individuals with a nickel allergy, exposure can trigger an immune response. While many associate nickel allergy with contact dermatitis from jewelry, a condition known as Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) causes internal reactions from ingested nickel, leading to widespread skin rashes (e.g., dyshidrosis), gastrointestinal issues, and other symptoms. The key to managing SNAS is following a low-nickel diet, which involves being aware of nickel content in all food and beverages, including alcohol.
The Source of Nickel in Alcoholic Beverages
Nickel doesn't just appear in alcohol out of nowhere. Its presence can be attributed to several stages of the production process, from the source ingredients to the final packaging. For example, the nickel content in plants like grapes or grains depends on the concentration of the mineral in the soil where they were grown. Beyond agricultural sourcing, manufacturing equipment is another significant contributor. Many breweries and wineries use stainless steel tanks, which contain nickel and can leach into acidic products over time. The storage container, such as cans, can also be a source of contamination.
Which Alcohol Has Nickel in It?
Wine
Research has specifically studied the nickel content of wine, noting its presence in both red and white varieties. One study on French wines found nickel concentrations ranging from 5.4 to 87.9 µg/L in red wine and 7.5 to 74.5 µg/L in white wine. The concentration was found to increase with longer storage periods, suggesting contamination from stainless steel tanks and pigments in bottles. While red wine is often cited as a trigger for nickel dermatitis, studies indicate that nickel levels do not differ significantly between red and white wines.
Beer
Beer is frequently listed among the beverages to avoid for those on a low-nickel diet. The nickel can originate from the grains (like whole wheat and oats) used in brewing, as well as the metal equipment. Beer cans are often made of aluminum alloy that can contain traces of nickel, and although lined, the lids can still cause exposure. Many individuals with a nickel allergy have reported adverse reactions to certain beers. However, sensitivity levels vary, and some people with mild sensitivities may not react.
Distilled Spirits
Distilled spirits, such as vodka, gin, and whiskey, generally have a lower risk of containing significant nickel compared to wine and beer. The distillation process itself involves boiling and condensing the alcohol, which separates it from many impurities, including heavy metals like nickel. Nevertheless, some studies have detected nickel in certain spirits, with levels potentially linked to ingredients or specific processing methods. For individuals with a severe allergy, it may be prudent to confirm the production details of their preferred spirit brand, as unrecorded or less regulated spirits could pose a higher risk.
Canned vs. Bottled
For beer and wine, the packaging can be a factor. Canned products, in general, can be a concern for those with nickel allergies. As mentioned, while the inside of a can is lined, some exposure can still occur, and acidic beverages like wine or fruit juices can potentially leach metals from the packaging. Bottled alcohol is generally considered safer, provided the beverage isn't particularly acidic and wasn't stored in stainless steel tanks during production.
Managing Your Nickel Intake Beyond Alcohol
For those managing a systemic nickel allergy, diet is a complex matter. Alcohol is just one piece of a much larger puzzle. Here is a list of other common high-nickel foods to be aware of:
- Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, and soybeans
- Whole Grains: Whole wheat, oats, buckwheat, and multigrain products
- Nuts and Seeds: Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, cashews, sunflower seeds, and linseeds
- Chocolate and Cocoa Products: Dark chocolate and cocoa powder
- Canned Foods: Due to potential leaching from the can during storage
- Certain Seafood: Mackerel, tuna, herring, and shellfish
- Green Leafy Vegetables: Spinach and kale
- Processed Foods and Drinks: Tea and coffee
Comparison of Potential Nickel Risk in Alcoholic Beverages
| Alcohol Type | Potential Nickel Sources | Relative Nickel Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wine | Grapes, stainless steel tanks, bottle pigments | Moderate to High (Variable) | Acidity can increase leaching from equipment and containers; longer storage may increase levels. |
| Beer | Grains (oats, wheat), brewing equipment, cans | Moderate (Variable) | Risk depends on specific ingredients and brewing process; reactions are common for sensitive individuals. |
| Distilled Spirits (Vodka, Gin, etc.) | Raw materials, unrecorded sources | Lower (Variable) | Distillation process reduces impurities, but quality and source matter; generally considered safer. |
| Cider | Ingredients, processing equipment | Varies | Risk depends on the specific fruits used and whether stored or processed in stainless steel. |
| Sake | Rice, processing equipment | Lower | Made from rice, which is a low-nickel grain; still subject to equipment contamination. |
Dietary and Lifestyle Adjustments for Nickel Allergy
To effectively manage a systemic nickel allergy, a holistic approach is necessary. Beyond choosing lower-risk alcoholic beverages, consider these strategies:
- Cooking Utensils: Avoid cooking acidic foods in stainless steel pots and pans, as this can increase nickel leaching. Opt for glass, ceramic, or cast iron cookware instead.
- Tap Water: Let your tap water run for a few seconds in the morning before use, as standing water can leach nickel from faucets and pipes overnight.
- Food Choices: Prioritize fresh, unprocessed foods. Choose polished rice over whole grains and fresh produce over canned varieties.
- Professional Guidance: Work with a registered dietitian or allergist to create a balanced low-nickel meal plan that ensures you meet all your nutritional needs without triggering symptoms.
Conclusion
While a definitive list of what alcohol has nickel in it is challenging due to varying production methods, source ingredients, and packaging, wine and beer are generally higher-risk options for individuals with systemic nickel allergy syndrome. Distilled spirits typically present a lower risk, but caution is still warranted. By understanding the potential sources of nickel contamination, such as raw ingredients, stainless steel equipment, and cans, those with a sensitivity can make more informed choices. Comprehensive management of a nickel allergy also requires a broad low-nickel diet and attention to cookware, alongside professional medical guidance for the safest and most effective approach.
Further Reading
For more information on systemic nickel allergy and low-nickel diets, consult reliable resources such as the U.S. National Library of Medicine through the National Institutes of Health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3667300/
