Deciphering Probiotic Nomenclature: A Guide to Bifidobacterium animalis
The world of probiotics can be confusing, with a single beneficial bacteria species appearing under multiple names on product labels. A prime example is Bifidobacterium animalis, a widely used probiotic in the food and supplement industry. This article provides clarity on the different names associated with this probiotic species, from its taxonomic history to its various commercial strains.
The Taxonomic Reclassification: From Bifidobacterium lactis to Subspecies
One of the most significant sources of naming confusion stems from a taxonomic change that occurred in 2004. Before this, Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis were recognized as two separate species. However, further genetic analysis revealed that they were closely related enough to be classified as a single species, B. animalis, with two subspecies.
- Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis: The original designation for the species.
- Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis: The new designation for what was formerly known as Bifidobacterium lactis.
As a result of this reclassification, many product labels continued to use the older, more familiar name Bifidobacterium lactis. This means that when you see Bifidobacterium lactis on a label, it is referring to the lactis subspecies of Bifidobacterium animalis. This subspecies is particularly well-adapted for commercial food production, exhibiting a high tolerance for acid and oxygen, and strong survival rates through the gastrointestinal tract.
Commercial Strains and Proprietary Names
Beyond the scientific name, many probiotic manufacturers use proprietary or trademarked names for their specific strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. These trade names can be a source of confusion for consumers, as they often sound like scientific names but are used for marketing purposes. A strain is a genetic subtype of a species, and different strains can have different documented health effects. Therefore, it's crucial to look beyond the species name to identify the specific strain used.
Key commercial strains and their trade names include:
- BB-12®: A well-documented strain marketed by Chr. Hansen. It is widely used in dairy products, infant formulas, and dietary supplements. BB-12 is known for its high stability and resilience to acidic and bile conditions.
- DN 173 010: The specific strain used in Danone's popular Activia™ yogurt products worldwide. This strain has been marketed under various regional trade names:
- Bifidus Regularis (US, Mexico)
- Bifidus Digestivum (UK)
- Bifidus Actiregularis (Argentina, Chile, Italy, Russia, etc.)
- HN019 (DR10): A strain from Fonterra licensed to DuPont, and marketed as HOWARU® Bifido. This strain has been studied for its effects on gut motility and immune function.
- Bl-04 and Bi-07: Strains within DuPont's Danisco FloraFIT® range, also used in many dietary supplements.
- A6: A strain isolated from feces and studied for its ability to reduce inflammation and regulate intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
Comparison of Prominent Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Strains
To illustrate the differences between commonly encountered commercial strains, the table below compares BB-12 and DN 173 010 based on their defining characteristics.
| Feature | B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 | B. animalis subsp. lactis DN 173 010 |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Originally isolated from a healthy adult. | Developed by Danone. |
| Primary Commercial Use | Wide variety of applications including dairy, infant formula, and supplements. | Primarily in Danone's Activia™ yogurts. |
| Marketed Names | Often labeled as BB-12® or simply Bifidobacterium lactis. | Variously called Bifidus Regularis, Bifidus Digestivum, etc., depending on the country. |
| Documented Benefits | Prevention of diarrhea, modulation of gut microbiota, immune support. | Acceleration of gut transit and relief of gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating and discomfort. |
| Resilience | High tolerance to air, acid, and bile. | Engineered to survive stomach acid and reach the intestines. |
| Survival in Products | Maintained viability in fermented products until consumption. | Added as a live culture in Activia™ products. |
The Consumer Takeaway: Beyond the Name
The existence of multiple names for Bifidobacterium animalis highlights two important points for consumers. First, the scientific classification has evolved, and older names like Bifidobacterium lactis are still frequently used on packaging. However, simply looking for the species name isn't enough. The second, and more crucial, point is that probiotic effects are strain-specific. The specific strain, indicated by an alphanumeric code (e.g., BB-12, HN019), determines the precise health benefits you can expect. For example, while one strain may be excellent for digestive regularity, another might offer more robust immune support.
Therefore, when purchasing probiotic products, consumers should look for labels that clearly state the species and the specific strain. Researching the benefits associated with that particular strain will provide a more accurate understanding of its potential health impact. For those seeking specific benefits, such as relief from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), certain strains of Bifidobacterium animalis have stronger evidence of effectiveness.
The Role of Bifidobacterium animalis in Gut Health
As a core member of the Bifidobacterium genus, B. animalis contributes to overall gut health in several ways. These anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria thrive in the large intestine and produce beneficial compounds like lactic and acetic acid. This acidic environment helps inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens and supports a balanced intestinal flora.
Key functions of B. animalis in the gut include:
- Intestinal Barrier Support: Helps maintain the integrity of the gut's mucosal lining, protecting it from damage by toxins and preventing the attachment of harmful bacteria.
- Immune Modulation: Certain strains can influence the body's immune response, potentially reducing inflammation and bolstering the immune system.
- Improved Digestion: The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from carbohydrate metabolism supports gut health and can aid in digestion.
- Relief from Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Clinical studies have shown benefits for individuals experiencing symptoms like constipation, bloating, and discomfort.
Fermented Foods vs. Supplements
It is important for consumers to differentiate between the source of Bifidobacterium animalis. While the strain is commonly added to fermented dairy products like yogurt and kefir, it can also be found in dietary supplements. Fermented foods contain live cultures, but the amount and stability can vary. Supplements, on the other hand, often provide a standardized, concentrated dose of a specific, well-researched strain. While many probiotic bacteria are transient and do not permanently colonize the gut, they can still exert beneficial effects as they pass through the digestive system. Continued, regular consumption is typically needed to maintain these benefits.
Conclusion: Navigating Your Probiotic Choices
In summary, the answer to "what are the other names for Bifidobacterium animalis?" is complex due to historical reclassification and commercial branding. The most common alternate name is Bifidobacterium lactis, which is now the subspecies designation B. animalis subsp. lactis. For consumers, the key takeaway is to identify specific strains like BB-12 or HN019, which are often clearly indicated on packaging, rather than relying solely on the species name. By understanding the science and marketing behind probiotic labels, you can make more informed decisions to support your gut health.
For more detailed scientific information on the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, refer to the study on its taxonomy and properties published in the National Institutes of Health's PubMed Central.
