What are ultra-processed foods called?

December 24, 2025 •

4 min read

According to a 2024 study in The BMJ, higher consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Over-processed foods are most commonly and accurately known as ultra-processed foods (UPFs), a term established by the NOVA food classification system. This classification helps distinguish between minimally altered foods and highly manufactured products containing industrial ingredients and additives.

Quick Summary

The term for over-processed foods is ultra-processed foods (UPFs), as categorized by the NOVA classification system. These are industrial formulations containing ingredients not typically used in home cooking, such as preservatives, sweeteners, and emulsifiers. Identifying UPFs can be done by examining ingredient lists for unfamiliar substances and additives. High consumption of these products is linked to negative health outcomes.

Key Points

Term for over-processed foods: Over-processed foods are officially known as ultra-processed foods (UPFs), as classified by the NOVA system.
NOVA Classification: The NOVA system categorizes foods into four groups based on the extent and purpose of their processing, distinguishing UPFs from simply processed foods.
Identifying UPFs: UPFs are characterized by long ingredient lists containing additives like emulsifiers, sweeteners, and preservatives not used in home cooking.
Health Risks: High consumption of UPFs is consistently linked to negative health outcomes, including increased risks of obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.
Making Better Choices: Reading labels for simple ingredients and prioritizing whole, minimally processed foods can help reduce UPF intake.

What is the NOVA Food Classification System?

To understand what over-processed foods are called, it is essential to first understand the NOVA food classification system. Developed by Brazilian scientists, this widely used system categorizes all food and drink into four groups based on the extent and purpose of their processing. This framework provides a clear and consistent method for nutritionists, researchers, and consumers to discuss the topic of food processing beyond the simple 'processed' label.

The four NOVA categories:

Group 1: Unprocessed and minimally processed foods. These are foods in their natural state or that have been altered minimally to extend shelf life or aid preparation. Examples include fresh vegetables, fruits, eggs, meat, milk, and dried legumes.
Group 2: Processed culinary ingredients. These are substances derived from Group 1 foods through processes like pressing, grinding, or refining. They are not meant to be eaten alone but are used in cooking. Examples include salt, sugar, oils, and butter.
Group 3: Processed foods. These are relatively simple products made by combining Group 1 and Group 2 items. The purpose is preservation or to make them more palatable. Examples include canned vegetables, fresh bread (with few ingredients), and cheese.
Group 4: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs). This is the category for over-processed foods. They are industrial formulations typically made from ingredients derived from foods or synthesized in labs, along with numerous additives.

Why are ultra-processed foods different?

Unlike processed foods (Group 3), which are recognizable versions of their original form, UPFs are engineered products with a long list of ingredients that would rarely be found in a home kitchen. The industrial processes used to create them are designed to create hyper-palatable, convenient, and long-lasting products that are often low in nutrients and high in fat, sugar, and salt.

Common characteristics of ultra-processed foods:

High Palatability: UPFs are formulated to be highly appealing to the senses, triggering the brain's reward centers and encouraging overconsumption.
Long Ingredient List: Look for long lists that include substances you do not recognize, such as hydrogenated oils, modified starches, hydrolyzed proteins, and various cosmetic additives like emulsifiers and artificial flavorings.
Industrial Additives: The presence of additives to enhance flavor, texture, and appearance is a hallmark of UPFs. These include sweeteners, colors, and preservatives that would never be used in a home-cooked meal.
Ready-to-Eat Convenience: Most UPFs are designed for maximum convenience—ready to eat, heat, or drink with minimal preparation.

Examples of ultra-processed foods and common misconceptions

It is important to recognize that the UPF category includes a wide variety of products, some of which might surprise you. While obvious culprits like candy, soda, and packaged snacks are included, less obvious examples also fall into this category due to industrial processing and additives.

Comparison of process levels


Feature	Minimally Processed Foods (NOVA 1)	Ultra-Processed Foods (NOVA 4)
Processing Level	Minimal alteration (e.g., washing, freezing).	Extensive industrial processing involving multiple steps.
Ingredient List	Simple or non-existent (e.g., fresh fruit).	Long list with industrial ingredients and additives.
Nutritional Density	High in natural nutrients, fiber, and vitamins.	Often high in calories, sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats; low in fiber and nutrients.
Goal of Production	Preserve natural food state and facilitate use.	Maximize shelf life, profitability, and palatability.
Examples	Fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, plain yogurt.	Sugary cereals, sodas, packaged cakes, many ready meals.

The health implications of consuming UPFs

Growing research, including a 2024 meta-analysis in The BMJ, consistently links high UPF consumption to numerous negative health outcomes. While isolating the exact mechanism of harm is challenging, potential factors include the high levels of fat, sugar, and salt, the presence of various additives, and the lack of essential nutrients and fiber. The hyper-palatability of these products can also drive overeating, contributing to weight gain and obesity.

How to reduce ultra-processed foods in your diet

Reducing UPF intake can be a gradual process involving mindful shopping and cooking. Reading ingredient labels is one of the most effective strategies. Look for foods with shorter, simpler ingredient lists. Small swaps can make a big difference. For instance, choosing plain yogurt and adding fresh fruit instead of buying pre-sweetened versions, or opting for home-cooked meals over packaged ready-to-heat dinners. While completely eliminating UPFs may not be realistic for everyone, focusing on balancing your diet with more minimally processed options can lead to significant health improvements.

Conclusion

In summary, over-processed foods are officially known as ultra-processed foods (UPFs), a designation from the globally recognized NOVA classification system. These industrially formulated products are distinct from minimally processed foods and are identifiable by their complex ingredient lists, high palatability, and frequent lack of natural nutritional value. By understanding what are ultra-processed foods, consumers can make more informed dietary choices to promote better health and well-being. Focusing on whole, minimally processed foods remains a cornerstone of a healthy, balanced diet. Learn more about the NOVA classification system here.

Frequently Asked Questions

Processed foods typically involve adding a few simple ingredients, like salt or sugar, to a whole food for preservation or flavor (e.g., canned vegetables). Ultra-processed foods are industrial formulations made with numerous ingredients, many of which are lab-synthesized, to create hyper-palatable products.

You can often identify ultra-processed foods by their long ingredient list, which frequently includes unfamiliar industrial ingredients and cosmetic additives such as emulsifiers, artificial flavors, and sweeteners. A short, recognizable ingredient list is a good sign that a food is less processed.

No, not all processed foods are unhealthy. Minimally processed foods, like frozen vegetables or plain yogurt, retain much of their nutritional value. The health concerns primarily relate to ultra-processed foods, which are often high in added sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats.

Examples include sugary breakfast cereals, packaged snacks (like chips), soda, instant noodles, many pre-packaged cakes and cookies, processed meats (sausages, hot dogs), and frozen pizzas.

For most people, it is unrealistic to completely eliminate all ultra-processed foods, as they are widespread and affordable. However, focusing on reducing your intake and replacing them with minimally processed or whole foods is a practical and effective health strategy.

The NOVA system is a method developed by nutrition researchers to classify foods based on the nature, extent, and purpose of their processing. It divides all foods into four categories, with ultra-processed foods (UPFs) being the most highly processed group.

UPFs often contribute to weight gain because they are designed to be hyper-palatable and are absorbed quickly by the body, leading to rapid blood sugar spikes and crashes. This can promote overeating and interfere with the body’s natural satiety signals.