The Science Behind Licorice Extract
Licorice extract is derived from the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant and contains several active compounds responsible for its therapeutic properties. The most notable of these is glycyrrhizin, a triterpene saponin that is significantly sweeter than sugar and contributes to many of the extract's effects. Other compounds, such as flavonoids like glabridin and liquiritin, also play a key role, providing potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These components act through various biochemical pathways in the body, influencing enzyme activity, hormone regulation, and cellular responses to stress and inflammation.
Key Benefits of Licorice Extract for the Body
Digestive and Gastrointestinal Health
Licorice extract has long been used to support the digestive system, and research has provided insight into how it functions. Its demulcent properties mean it can coat the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, which helps soothe irritation and inflammation.
- Relieves Acid Reflux and Indigestion: Studies have shown licorice root extract to be effective at reducing symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including acid reflux and heartburn.
- Protects Against Peptic Ulcers: Licorice extract can increase mucus production in the stomach, strengthening its protective lining and aiding in the healing of ulcers caused by the H. pylori bacteria. The flavonoids within licorice have even been shown to inhibit H. pylori activity.
- Supports Gut Microbiome: Preliminary research suggests licorice may help balance the gut microbiome by inhibiting certain harmful bacteria while potentially promoting beneficial flora.
Skin Health and Appearance
Topical application of licorice extract has become popular in skincare products due to its anti-inflammatory and brightening effects.
- Reduces Hyperpigmentation: The compound glabridin inhibits tyrosinase, a key enzyme involved in melanin production, which helps to brighten skin and fade dark spots, age spots, and acne scars.
- Calms Inflammation: Its anti-inflammatory properties make it beneficial for soothing skin conditions like eczema, rosacea, and inflammatory acne, reducing redness and irritation.
- Fights Oxidative Stress: As an antioxidant, licorice extract helps protect the skin from free radical damage caused by environmental stressors like UV radiation and pollution.
Adrenal Support and Stress Response
As an adaptogen, licorice extract can help the body manage stress by influencing the adrenal glands, which produce cortisol. Glycyrrhizin inhibits the enzyme responsible for breaking down cortisol, leading to sustained levels of the hormone and potentially supporting adrenal function. This can be particularly useful for individuals experiencing fatigue related to stress.
Liver Health and Function
Licorice has a long history of use for liver ailments in traditional Chinese medicine.
- Hepatoprotective Effects: Modern studies suggest it has protective effects on the liver, with one trial showing improvement in liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
- Combats Liver Damage: Research on alcohol-induced fatty liver in mice also indicates that licorice can enhance antioxidant defense and inhibit inflammation in the liver.
Respiratory Comfort
Its demulcent and anti-inflammatory properties make it a traditional remedy for respiratory issues. Licorice can soothe a sore throat, ease coughing, and help clear congestion by increasing mucus secretion.
Oral Health
The antimicrobial properties of licorice root can help protect against cavities by reducing bacterial growth in the mouth. It has also been used in mouthwashes to help heal canker sores.
Understanding Glycyrrhizin vs. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
When considering licorice supplements, it is crucial to understand the difference between standard extracts and deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL). Glycyrrhizin, the potent compound responsible for both benefits and some serious side effects, is removed or reduced in DGL products.
| Feature | Glycyrrhizin-Containing Licorice | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Key Compound | Contains glycyrrhizin, the main active compound. | Glycyrrhizin is largely removed from the extract. |
| Primary Use | Adrenal support, respiratory issues, stress response. | Digestive issues like ulcers, acid reflux, and stomach inflammation. |
| Cardiovascular Impact | Potential to cause high blood pressure and low potassium (hypokalemia) due to fluid retention. | Minimal to no risk of affecting blood pressure or potassium levels. |
| Safety Profile | Caution required, especially for prolonged use or high doses. Not for individuals with heart/kidney conditions. | Generally considered safer for long-term use and for individuals with blood pressure concerns. |
| Mechanism | Inhibits 11β-HSD enzyme, impacting cortisol and mineralocorticoid pathways. | Acts locally in the digestive tract, stimulating mucus production. |
How to Use Licorice Extract Safely
Licorice extract is available in various forms, including capsules, liquid tinctures, powders, teas, and topical creams. To use it safely, always follow product-specific instructions and heed precautions.
Oral Consumption
- Limit Duration and Dose: For supplements containing glycyrrhizin, limit use to 2-4 weeks unless under medical supervision. The World Health Organization suggests a limit of no more than 100 mg of glycyrrhizin per day.
- Consider DGL: If your primary concern is digestive health and you have high blood pressure or are concerned about side effects, DGL is a safer choice.
- Talk to a Professional: Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any licorice supplement, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or take other medications.
Topical Application
- Test Patch First: Before applying a product containing licorice extract widely, perform a patch test on a small area of skin to check for irritation or allergic reactions.
- Sunscreen Use: While licorice has some protective qualities, it is not a substitute for proper SPF sunscreen.
Potential Side Effects and Precautions
Despite its benefits, licorice extract, particularly products containing glycyrrhizin, can cause serious side effects with excessive or prolonged use.
- Hypertension and Hypokalemia: Glycyrrhizin can cause the kidneys to retain salt and water while excreting potassium. This can lead to increased blood pressure and dangerously low potassium levels (hypokalemia).
- Contraindications: Individuals with heart disease, kidney issues, high blood pressure, or who are pregnant should avoid licorice with glycyrrhizin.
- Drug Interactions: Licorice can interact with medications for blood pressure, blood thinners (warfarin), diuretics, and certain hormonal therapies, so professional consultation is essential.
Conclusion: Balancing Benefits and Risks
Licorice extract is a potent and versatile herbal remedy with a wide range of benefits for the body, from soothing digestive distress and supporting liver function to brightening skin and helping manage stress. However, its primary active compound, glycyrrhizin, carries notable risks, particularly concerning blood pressure and potassium levels when used incorrectly or in excess. For this reason, consumers must be discerning, opting for DGL for most digestive issues and using glycyrrhizin-containing products with caution and professional guidance. By understanding the different forms and respecting safe dosage guidelines, one can potentially harness the powerful therapeutic effects of licorice extract while minimizing potential risks. For definitive advice, always consult a healthcare professional.
Optional Outbound Link
Learn more about the research and safety of licorice root from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health at the National Institutes of Health.
