Apples Have a Natural Wax Coating
Before addressing the commercial application of wax, it is important to understand that apples naturally produce their own protective layer, sometimes called "bloom". This natural wax, a complex mixture of compounds, serves as the apple's first line of defense against moisture loss and microorganisms. It keeps the fruit firm and crisp while protecting it from bacteria and mold as it grows on the tree. Pears and plums also produce this natural coating. However, the journey from orchard to store requires intervention to maintain this protection.
The Post-Harvest Washing Process
After apples are harvested, they are thoroughly washed to remove any field dirt, leaves, or other debris. This cleaning process, while essential for hygiene, also strips away the apple's natural waxy coating. Without this protective layer, the fruit would quickly lose moisture, become soft, and shrivel long before it reaches the grocery store shelf. This is where the commercial waxing process comes in to replace what was lost naturally.
The Reasons for Applying Food-Grade Wax
Food producers apply a new, thin layer of edible wax to apples for three primary reasons: moisture retention, protection, and appearance.
Moisture Retention
- An apple's crispness and juiciness are dependent on its water content.
- The edible wax coating acts as a barrier that slows down moisture loss, preventing the fruit from drying out and shriveling.
- This significantly extends the apple's shelf life, allowing it to remain fresh and appealing for longer.
Microbial Protection
- The new wax barrier also helps to seal the apple's pores, preventing harmful bacteria and mold from entering the fruit's interior.
- This reduces the risk of spoilage and contamination, ensuring a safer product for consumers.
Enhanced Appearance
- Consumers often associate a glossy, shiny exterior with freshness and quality.
- The added wax gives apples a uniform and attractive sheen, which can influence purchasing decisions.
- This practice became widespread after consumer preference for shiny fruit was noticed by retailers.
What are Apple Waxes Made From?
Modern food-grade waxes are made from natural, food-safe ingredients. They are regulated by food safety authorities like the FDA to ensure they are safe for human consumption. The most common types include:
- Carnauba Wax: Sourced from the leaves of the carnauba palm tree in Brazil, this is a plant-based wax known for its glossy finish. It is also used in other food items like candies.
- Shellac: Derived from a secretion of the female lac bug found in parts of Asia, shellac provides a very high shine. It's also used in confectionery and other food coatings. For vegans, this is an animal-derived product.
- Beeswax: A natural wax produced by honey bees, it is used for organic produce coatings.
- Candelilla Wax: Sourced from a desert plant, this is another plant-based option used for fruit coatings.
Comparison Table: Waxed vs. Unwaxed Apples
| Feature | Waxed Apples | Unwaxed Apples |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Glossy, uniform, and shiny due to commercial coating. | Dull, hazy, or powdery film from natural wax, often with inconsistencies. |
| Texture | Firm and crisp for a longer period, thanks to moisture retention. | Prone to softening and shriveling more quickly due to faster moisture loss. |
| Shelf Life | Significantly extended, allowing for longer storage and transport. | Shorter shelf life, best consumed shortly after picking. |
| Safety | Food-grade waxes are certified safe by regulatory bodies; they are not absorbed by the body. | Also safe; the apple's natural wax is edible and protective. |
| Microbial Protection | Enhanced protection against mold and bacteria due to the new, uniform barrier. | Natural wax provides some protection, but is less effective once washed off. |
How to Remove Wax at Home
For those who prefer to remove the artificial wax coating, it is relatively easy. A common method is to soak and scrub the apples with a simple, mild solution. Fill a bowl with warm water and add a tablespoon of baking soda and a bit of lemon juice or vinegar. Let the apples soak for 5-15 minutes, then scrub the skin gently with a vegetable brush or cloth before rinsing thoroughly with cool water. It's important not to use detergent, as the porous fruit can absorb it. While removing the wax is not necessary for safety, it can improve the mouthfeel for some people.
Conclusion
In summary, the reason why they add wax on apples is to replace the natural coating lost during cleaning, extending shelf life, and protecting the fruit. This practice ensures that consumers receive fresh, appealing produce that is safe to eat. The waxes used are food-grade, safe for consumption, and a thin, protective layer. Consumers can easily remove the wax if they wish, though it's not required for safety, and unwaxed options are often available, especially for organic produce. Ultimately, the wax on your apple is a testament to the modern food industry's efforts to provide a quality, accessible product, and it is a perfectly normal and safe component of the fruit's journey to your table.
For more information on the safety of edible coatings, you can consult the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's guidelines on food additives.
