Understanding Diatomaceous Earth
Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock formed from the fossilized remains of microscopic, aquatic organisms called diatoms. The powdered substance is primarily composed of amorphous silicon dioxide ($SiO_2$), and its microscopic particles have sharp, honeycomb-like structures that are highly absorbent. This unique physical structure is central to both its industrial uses and its controversial health claims.
Food-Grade vs. Filter-Grade
It is critical to distinguish between the two main types of diatomaceous earth:
- Food-Grade DE: This type is mined from freshwater sources and is processed to ensure very low levels (less than 1%) of crystalline silica, making it safe for consumption by humans and animals. Its microscopic structure is amorphous, meaning the silica lacks a highly ordered atomic structure.
- Filter-Grade DE: Sourced from saltwater, this DE is heat-treated (calcined), which transforms its amorphous silica into a higher and more dangerous concentration of crystalline silica (up to 60%). This type is toxic to mammals if inhaled and is used in industrial filtration, such as for swimming pools.
The Detoxification Claims and Proposed Mechanisms
Proponents of diatomaceous earth as a detox agent suggest a number of mechanisms by which it purportedly cleanses the body:
- Binding Toxins: The theory suggests that because of its negative charge and porous structure, food-grade DE can bind to positively charged toxins, bacteria, heavy metals (like aluminum), and other harmful substances in the digestive tract. These bound toxins are then supposedly excreted from the body.
- Eliminating Parasites: Citing its effectiveness against insects like fleas, it is claimed that the sharp edges of DE can puncture the exoskeletons of internal parasites and dehydrate them. While this is a proven mechanism for external pest control, its effectiveness against human internal parasites is unproven.
- Cleansing the Colon: The abrasive nature of the particles is said to scrub and cleanse the intestinal walls, leading to improved digestive function and waste removal.
The Scientific Reality
Despite the enthusiasm in many online health circles, scientific evidence for diatomaceous earth's detoxifying properties in humans is largely lacking or, at best, inconclusive.
- Body's Natural Detox System: Health experts note that the human body has highly efficient, built-in detoxification systems—namely the liver and kidneys—that continuously work to neutralize and remove toxins. The idea that the body is overloaded with toxins that require a supplement like DE to remove is not supported by mainstream science.
- Limited Human Research: Claims regarding heavy metal removal and internal cleansing are often theoretical, based on its industrial filtration properties, and not verified in human studies. A small, non-placebo-controlled study from 1998 showed some potential for lowering cholesterol, but this single study is not definitive proof of detox efficacy.
- Excretion vs. Absorption: Studies show that when ingested, very little amorphous silica from food-grade DE is absorbed by the body; most passes through the digestive system and is excreted rapidly. This contradicts the idea of it having a widespread cleansing effect on the body's internal systems beyond the digestive tract itself.
The Risks and Dangers
While food-grade DE is considered non-toxic when ingested, its usage is not without risks, especially if the incorrect type is used or handled improperly.
- Inhalation: The most significant danger comes from inhaling the fine powder. Doing so can cause respiratory irritation, and long-term inhalation of crystalline silica, which is present in higher concentrations in non-food-grade DE, is associated with a serious and irreversible lung disease called silicosis. Protective equipment is recommended when handling the powder.
- Lack of Regulation: The dietary supplement market is not strictly regulated by the FDA, meaning there is no guarantee of the quality, purity, or effectiveness of products. Without proper oversight, consumers cannot always be certain they are receiving pure food-grade DE.
- Misleading Claims: The "detox" label can be misleading and lead individuals away from proven, healthy habits like a balanced diet and exercise. If you suspect you have parasites or a serious health issue, a qualified healthcare professional is the correct resource, not an anecdotal supplement.
Diatomaceous Earth: Claims vs. Facts
| Feature | Popular Detox Claim | Scientific Fact/Reality |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Binds and sweeps toxins, heavy metals, and parasites from the body. | Primarily passes through the digestive tract unabsorbed. The body's liver and kidneys manage detoxification. |
| Effectiveness | Acts as an internal cleanser and parasite killer. | The evidence for cleansing the digestive tract beyond providing bulk (like fiber) is anecdotal. Its ability to kill internal human parasites is not proven. |
| Safety | Considered a harmless, natural detox remedy. | Inhalation of any DE powder can cause respiratory irritation. Crystalline silica in non-food-grade DE is highly dangerous if inhaled and causes silicosis. |
| Regulation | Widely marketed as a dietary supplement for detoxification. | The dietary supplement industry is not strictly regulated by the FDA, and there is no guarantee of product purity or effectiveness. |
| Benefit Source | The detoxifying action of the silica. | Any benefit is likely from the increased silica intake, which can support bone and connective tissue health, though better sources exist in food. |
Conclusion
While food-grade diatomaceous earth is generally considered safe for consumption in small amounts and may offer some anecdotal benefits related to digestive regularity due to its abrasive nature, the sweeping claims of it being a powerful detox agent are largely unsupported by robust scientific evidence. The human body has complex and effective systems for removing toxins naturally. Relying on DE for heavy metal detoxification, parasite removal, or a general body cleanse is not a medically validated strategy and may distract from proven health practices. Consumers must exercise caution, use only certified food-grade products, and be especially careful to avoid inhalation. For any serious health concerns, consulting a healthcare professional is always the most responsible approach.
You can find further information on diatomaceous earth and related safety guidelines from the National Pesticide Information Center. National Pesticide Information Center Fact Sheet
