The Dual Nature of Licorice: Glycyrrhizin and DGL
Licorice root, scientifically known as Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been a staple in both culinary and medicinal practices for centuries. Its unique sweetness and therapeutic effects come primarily from the compound glycyrrhizin. This compound is responsible for many of licorice’s purported health benefits, but it is also the source of its most significant dangers when consumed in high doses or over prolonged periods.
To address the risks associated with glycyrrhizin, a form known as deglycyrrhizinated licorice, or DGL, was developed. This product has had the glycyrrhizin removed and is often marketed as a safer option for certain applications, particularly digestive issues. The distinction between standard licorice and DGL is critical for understanding the safety profile of any licorice-based product.
Potential Health Benefits of Licorice Root
Supports Digestive Health
Licorice root is well-regarded for its ability to soothe gastrointestinal issues. Studies have shown that licorice extract may help relieve symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including acid reflux and heartburn, and may even be more effective than common antacids in some cases. Licorice and its compounds also show promise in treating peptic ulcers by increasing mucus production to protect the stomach lining and inhibiting the growth of H. pylori, a bacteria often responsible for these ulcers.
Aids Respiratory Conditions
Historically, licorice has been used as an expectorant to help clear mucus from the respiratory tract. Its anti-inflammatory properties, particularly from glycyrrhizin, may help manage conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by reducing inflammation in the airways. Some studies also indicate licorice tea and extract may help protect against bacteria that cause strep throat.
Provides Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects
With nearly 300 compounds, licorice root is a powerhouse of beneficial phytochemicals, including flavonoids and glycyrrhizin. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which can help protect the body's cells from damage and combat chronic inflammation. This can have far-reaching effects on overall health and the prevention of various diseases.
Contributes to Oral Hygiene
Licorice root has shown potential benefits for oral health. Research suggests it may help prevent cavities and can treat other oral conditions, including canker sores and bad breath, due to its antimicrobial properties. One study on children found that licorice root in sugar-free lollipops significantly reduced the number of cavity-causing bacteria.
Other Potential Benefits
Emerging research suggests licorice may also offer other benefits, such as:
- Aiding certain skin conditions like eczema when applied topically.
- Exhibiting anti-cancer properties in laboratory and animal studies, though human research is still limited.
- Supporting liver health by protecting against oxidative damage.
- Helping with weight management and metabolic regulation.
Significant Risks and Side Effects
Despite its benefits, the glycyrrhizin in licorice poses serious health risks when consumed in high amounts or over a long period. This is because glycyrrhizin can mimic the hormone aldosterone in the body, leading to a condition called pseudohyperaldosteronism. The key effects of this are:
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Glycyrrhizin causes the body to retain sodium and water, increasing blood pressure.
- Low Potassium (Hypokalemia): The fluid imbalance leads to excessive potassium loss, which can cause muscle weakness, paralysis, and irregular heart rhythms.
- Cardiac Issues: Severe cases can lead to cardiac arrest or congestive heart failure.
- Harmful Interactions: Licorice can interact dangerously with various medications, including blood pressure drugs, diuretics, blood thinners, and corticosteroids.
Who Should Avoid Licorice?
Several groups of people should completely avoid or exercise extreme caution when consuming licorice containing glycyrrhizin:
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the risk of miscarriage, preterm delivery, and negative effects on child development.
- Individuals with heart conditions, high blood pressure, or low potassium levels.
- People with kidney disease.
- Anyone taking medications for heart conditions or blood pressure.
Dosage and Quality Concerns
The amount of glycyrrhizin can vary significantly between products, making dosage difficult to regulate. For supplements, it's advised to look for labels that specify a low glycyrrhizin content, ideally below 100 mg per day. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) products offer a much safer alternative, especially for prolonged use, as they remove the compound responsible for the most harmful side effects. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any licorice supplementation.
Comparison: Licorice with Glycyrrhizin vs. DGL
| Feature | Licorice with Glycyrrhizin | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Present in varying amounts | Removed or reduced to undetectable levels |
| Primary Uses | Anti-inflammatory, respiratory, antimicrobial | Digestive health (GERD, ulcers, heartburn) |
| Sweetness | Very sweet, used as a flavoring agent | Less sweet than full-spectrum licorice |
| Key Risk | Potential for high blood pressure, low potassium, fluid retention | Very low risk of side effects associated with glycyrrhizin |
| Long-Term Use | Not recommended due to cumulative toxic effects | Considered safe for longer-term use, especially for digestive issues |
| Form | Candies, tea, extract, supplements | Typically available as chewable tablets or capsules |
Conclusion
While licorice root offers a range of potential health benefits backed by traditional use and some modern studies, it is not universally healthy. Its main active compound, glycyrrhizin, carries serious risks for blood pressure, potassium levels, and heart function, particularly with regular, high-dose consumption. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) presents a safer option for those seeking digestive benefits. Consumers must be aware of the specific type of licorice they are consuming, monitor their intake, and consult a doctor, especially if they have pre-existing health conditions or are pregnant. For a broader perspective on herbal remedies and their scientific evidence, consider exploring resources from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
