The introduction of the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (NBFDS) by the USDA has made it easier for consumers to understand and identify bioengineered (BE) food products. However, navigating the produce aisle can still be confusing. This guide breaks down the labeling requirements and other identifiers to help you make informed choices for your nutrition diet.
The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (NBFDS)
As of 2022, the USDA requires mandatory disclosure for most bioengineered foods. This standard provides manufacturers with several options for revealing the presence of BE ingredients. Recognizing these various labels is the most reliable way to identify bioengineered fruit.
Common Disclosure Methods:
- Symbol: An official, circular green and white symbol featuring a plant and a starburst may appear on the product packaging.
- Text: Phrases like “Bioengineered food” or “Contains a bioengineered food ingredient” can be printed on the label.
- Electronic or Digital Link: A QR code on the packaging with text instructing you to “Scan for more food information” is a common option.
- Text Message: A statement directing you to “Text [command word] to [number] for bioengineered food information” can also be used.
- Phone Number: For small food manufacturers, a simple phone number may be provided for consumers to call for information.
For fresh fruit sold in bulk, like at a market display, the disclosure must be on a sign, placard, or sticker near the item. This means you should always check the display for any BE labeling, even if there isn't a sticker on the individual fruit.
Decoding PLU Codes on Produce Stickers
For individual, unpackaged fruits and vegetables, you may encounter Price Look-Up (PLU) codes. These four- or five-digit numbers can offer additional insight, though they are not an official form of bioengineered disclosure under the NBFDS. The PLU code system is maintained by the International Federation for Produce Standards (IFPS).
- 4-Digit Code: A four-digit code signifies conventionally grown produce. An example is a standard banana, which has the code 4011.
- 5-Digit Code Starting with '9': A five-digit code beginning with '9' indicates the fruit is certified organic. For example, an organic banana would be labeled 94011.
- 5-Digit Code Starting with '8': A five-digit code starting with '8' was once designated for genetically engineered (GE) produce. However, this code is now rarely used in practice, and its use is voluntary rather than mandatory. The new USDA BE labeling takes precedence for formal disclosure.
Distinguishing Bioengineered vs. Hybrid Fruit
Confusion sometimes arises between bioengineered fruit and hybrid fruit, but they are fundamentally different. Understanding the distinction is important for understanding your food's origin.
- Hybrid Fruit: Created through conventional cross-pollination. This is a natural process where two parent plants are bred to produce an offspring with desired traits. For example, a pluot is a hybrid of a plum and an apricot. This technique has been used for centuries.
- Bioengineered Fruit: Involves lab-based genetic engineering to add, remove, or modify specific genes. This is a targeted process that can introduce genetic material from an unrelated species. Examples include the ringspot virus-resistant papaya and non-browning Arctic® apples.
The Official List of Bioengineered Foods
The USDA maintains an official "List of Bioengineered Foods" to help regulated entities comply with the standard. Consumers can use this list to identify which specific fruits and vegetables are available in a bioengineered form. It's important to remember that not all varieties of a listed crop are bioengineered. Some examples of bioengineered fruits include:
- Apple: Arctic® varieties, which are engineered not to brown when sliced.
- Papaya: Ringspot virus-resistant varieties, primarily grown in Hawaii.
- Pineapple: Pink flesh varieties.
Comparison of Bioengineered, Conventional, and Organic Fruit
| Feature | Bioengineered (BE) Fruit | Conventional Fruit | Organic Fruit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Labeling | Official USDA symbol, text, QR code, or phone number required for packaged fruit (exemptions apply). | No specific label for conventional status. | USDA Organic seal required. |
| PLU Code (fresh) | A 5-digit code beginning with '8' may indicate GE, but this is voluntary and rare. | A 4-digit code is used. | A 5-digit code beginning with '9' is used. |
| Genetic Modification | Yes, specific lab-based genetic changes are made. | No genetic engineering used. | No genetic engineering allowed. |
| Cultivation Method | Grown using modern agricultural practices, which may include pesticides. | Standard farming practices, often using synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. | Grown using non-synthetic pesticides and fertilizers; no GMO seeds allowed. |
| Health & Safety | Considered safe to eat by major regulatory bodies like the USDA and FDA. | Generally considered safe, but may contain pesticide residues. | Regarded as safe and produced with methods that promote soil health. |
Exemptions and Nuances in Labeling
While the NBFDS provides clarity, it's not a one-size-fits-all solution. There are several key exemptions and nuances to be aware of.
- Refined Ingredients: Highly refined ingredients, such as corn syrup or canola oil derived from bioengineered crops, do not require a BE disclosure if the modified genetic material is not detectable in the final product.
- Voluntary “Derived From” Labeling: Manufacturers can voluntarily state “derived from bioengineering” for products that fall under the refined ingredients exemption, offering extra transparency.
- Restaurants and Small Businesses: Food served in restaurants, food trucks, or by very small manufacturers is exempt from mandatory disclosure.
- Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products: Products where meat, poultry, or eggs are the most predominant ingredient are not covered by the NBFDS. This also extends to animals that have consumed BE feed.
Conclusion
Identifying bioengineered fruit requires a mix of awareness and informed label reading. While you can't determine BE status by sight, learning to recognize the USDA's official symbols and text disclosures on packaged goods is your primary tool. For fresh, bulk produce, look for signage on the display. Remembering the PLU code system can be a helpful guide, with the '9' prefix reliably indicating organic status. By utilizing these strategies and understanding the nuances of the disclosure standard, you can make clear decisions that align with your nutrition diet goals, all while being assured that all options on the market are deemed safe by regulatory authorities.
