Herbal supplements are often perceived as harmless, but this is not always the case. Licorice root powder, derived from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, contains a potent compound called glycyrrhizin. While traditional medicine has long utilized its properties for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, it's crucial to understand what are the side effects of licorice root powder before consumption, especially when taking high doses or using it for extended periods.
The Primary Culprit: Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin is the key active component in licorice root and the main driver of its serious side effects. It functions in a manner similar to the hormone aldosterone, which regulates salt and potassium levels in the body. By interfering with the enzyme that breaks down cortisol, glycyrrhizin causes cortisol to bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, leading to salt retention and potassium loss. This disruption of the body's natural balance, known as pseudohyperaldosteronism, is the root cause of many adverse reactions.
Cardiovascular Complications
One of the most widely documented side effects of excessive licorice intake is its impact on the cardiovascular system.
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Glycyrrhizin causes sodium and water retention in the kidneys, leading to increased fluid volume and elevated blood pressure. This can be particularly dangerous for individuals already managing hypertension. Case studies have shown that even daily consumption of licorice tea can induce severe hypertension.
Dangerous Heart Rhythms
The potassium loss triggered by glycyrrhizin, known as hypokalemia, can disrupt normal heart rhythm and lead to potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, including Torsade de Pointes. Severe cases have been linked to cardiac arrest.
Electrolyte Imbalance and Kidney Function
Licorice's effect on electrolytes can impact the entire body.
Severe Hypokalemia (Low Potassium)
Low potassium levels can cause fatigue, muscle weakness, and in severe instances, even temporary paralysis. Electrolyte disruption may also lead to sensations of numbness and tingling.
Fluid Retention and Swelling (Edema)
The sodium and water retention can result in significant swelling, particularly in the ankles and feet. In critical situations, this excess fluid can build up in the lungs, a condition known as pulmonary edema.
Drug and Supplement Interactions
Licorice root powder can have serious interactions with a wide range of medications. It can counteract blood pressure medications, lead to dangerously low potassium levels when taken with diuretics, and decrease the effectiveness of blood thinners. Licorice may also increase the effects and side effects of corticosteroids and increase the toxicity of digoxin.
Comparison: Licorice vs. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
For those seeking licorice benefits without glycyrrhizin risks, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is an alternative. The table below outlines the key differences.
| Feature | Standard Licorice Root Powder | DGL (Deglycyrrhizinated) Licorice |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Contains the compound glycyrrhizin. | Has the glycyrrhizin compound removed. |
| Risk of High Blood Pressure | High risk with excessive or prolonged use. | Negligible risk due to glycyrrhizin removal. |
| Risk of Low Potassium | High risk with excessive or prolonged use. | Negligible risk due to glycyrrhizin removal. |
| Safety for Heart/Kidney Issues | Contraindicated for people with heart, kidney, and blood pressure conditions. | Generally considered safer for these individuals. |
| Used For | Coughs, respiratory issues, flavor. | Stomach ulcers, indigestion, acid reflux. |
Who Should Avoid Licorice Root Powder
Individuals who should avoid standard licorice root powder include pregnant women, those with high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, low potassium, liver disease, hormone-sensitive conditions, or anyone taking interacting medications.
Conclusion: Safe Usage and When to Consult a Doctor
Due to the significant side effects associated with glycyrrhizin, particularly with excessive or long-term use, caution is necessary when consuming standard licorice root powder. The compound can lead to dangerous cardiovascular and metabolic complications. Choosing a deglycyrrhizinated (DGL) form can reduce many risks. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any licorice supplement, especially with pre-existing conditions or while on medication, to weigh the potential benefits against the risks. The National Institutes of Health provides a useful resource on the topic(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8962506/).
