The Scientific and Common Names of Licorice Root Extract
Licorice root extract is derived from the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, which is its most prominent scientific name. The name Glycyrrhiza comes from the Greek words "glykys" (sweet) and "rhiza" (root), aptly describing its signature flavor. This botanical name is crucial for identifying the genuine article, especially since many candies contain anise oil for flavor instead of real licorice extract.
Other common and regional names
In addition to its scientific name, licorice root extract is known by various other names across different regions and languages. Some of the most frequently encountered include:
- Sweet Root: A direct translation of its Greek name, this is a descriptive and widely used alternative.
- Mulethi: This is the common name used in many parts of India and South Asia, deeply rooted in Ayurvedic medicine.
- Yashtimadhu: Another name from Ayurvedic tradition, meaning "sweet stick," that emphasizes its sweet taste.
- Gan Cao: The name used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where it is considered a vital herbal medicine.
- Bois Doux and Réglisse: French common names for licorice, reflecting its historic use in Europe.
- Spanish Licorice and Russian Licorice: These terms denote different varieties of the Glycyrrhiza glabra species, often referring to their appearance or processing method.
The Key Active Compounds in Licorice Root Extract
The pharmacological and therapeutic effects of licorice root extract are primarily attributed to its complex chemical composition, which includes several key bioactive compounds. Understanding these compounds provides insight into its traditional and modern uses.
- Glycyrrhizin: The major active component and triterpenoid saponin responsible for the root's sweet taste, being 50 to 100 times sweeter than sugar. Glycyrrhizin has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties.
- Glycyrrhetinic Acid: The aglycone metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is produced in the gut and is largely responsible for licorice's pseudoaldosterone effects. It is a potent anti-inflammatory agent.
- Flavonoids: A broad class of compounds, including glabridin, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone A, which contribute antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities.
- Glabridin: An isoflavonoid that has been shown to inhibit tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, making it popular in cosmetics for skin brightening.
- Coumarins: Another group of compounds found in licorice that exhibit various biological activities, including anticancer effects.
The Difference Between Licorice and DGL Extract
An important distinction to make is between standard licorice root extract and deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL).
| Feature | Standard Licorice Extract | Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) |
|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizin Content | Contains the full spectrum of compounds, including glycyrrhizin. | Glycyrrhizin is removed during processing. |
| Primary Uses | Used for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, often in Traditional Chinese Medicine. | Preferred for gastrointestinal issues like peptic ulcers and canker sores. |
| Potential Side Effects | High consumption can lead to pseudoaldosteronism, causing hypertension and low potassium levels. | Glycyrrhizin-free, so it avoids the mineralocorticoid side effects. |
| Active Compounds | Contains glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and flavonoids. | The active compounds are primarily the flavonoids, which are not involved in the mineralocorticoid effects. |
Historical and Modern Uses
For centuries, licorice root has been a staple in traditional medicine, valued for its broad-spectrum properties.
- Traditional Chinese Medicine: Used for thousands of years to harmonize other herbal medicines, soothe coughs, and address digestive issues.
- Ayurveda: Utilized as a rejuvenating tonic (rasayana) to treat a variety of ailments, from respiratory to digestive complaints.
- Ancient Egypt and Greece: Documented for its use in sweet beverages, for quenching thirst, and as a treatment for respiratory conditions.
Today, modern research continues to explore and validate many of these traditional applications, focusing on the specific mechanisms of action for its active compounds.
Conclusion
While commonly known simply as licorice root extract, this powerful botanical has many names, with Glycyrrhiza glabra being its official scientific designation. Its rich history in traditional medicine systems across the globe is matched by its complex chemistry, which includes compounds like glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and various flavonoids. Understanding these different names and the functions of its components is essential for both consumers and professionals, particularly when considering specific formulations like deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) for targeted health benefits.
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Other Common Questions
Question: What is the primary active compound in licorice root extract? Answer: The primary active compound is glycyrrhizin (also known as glycyrrhizic acid), which is significantly sweeter than sugar and responsible for many of the herb's medicinal properties.
Question: Is there a difference between licorice root and its extract? Answer: Yes, the extract is a concentrated form derived from the root, containing higher levels of its active compounds. It comes in various forms, such as powders, liquids, and tablets.
Question: What is deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) extract? Answer: DGL is a form of licorice extract where the glycyrrhizin compound has been removed to eliminate the risk of side effects like hypertension. It is often used for digestive issues.
Question: Can licorice root extract be harmful? Answer: Excessive consumption of licorice extract containing glycyrrhizin can be harmful, leading to elevated blood pressure, low potassium levels, and other side effects due to its mineralocorticoid effects. DGL is a safer alternative.
Question: What are some traditional uses of licorice root extract? Answer: Historically, licorice root has been used to soothe coughs, aid digestion, treat liver diseases, and as a mild laxative in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine.
Question: Why is licorice root extract used in skincare? Answer: In skincare, licorice root extract, particularly the flavonoid glabridin, is valued for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-brightening properties.
Question: How is licorice root extract prepared for commercial use? Answer: The extract is prepared from the dried root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant and can be found commercially as powders, liquid extracts, and various pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations.
