Understanding the Dirty Dozen and EWG's Report
Each year, the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a non-profit organization focused on environmental and public health, releases its Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce™. The guide is based on test results from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which analyze thousands of produce samples. The guide is divided into two lists: the 'Dirty Dozen,' highlighting conventionally grown produce with the most pesticide residue, and the 'Clean Fifteen,' featuring produce with the least. It is important to note that the USDA tests are conducted after the produce has been washed and, where applicable, peeled, meaning the residues identified are persistent and not just surface-level.
Why are apples on the list?
Apples are a mainstay on the Dirty Dozen because conventional samples are frequently found to contain residues of multiple pesticides. In fact, the EWG found that the majority of conventional apple samples had residues from more than one pesticide. One specific chemical of concern is diphenylamine, which is often applied to apples after harvest to prevent storage scald, but has been restricted in Europe due to potential health concerns regarding its breakdown products. Additionally, other fungicides like pyrimethanil and fludioxonil are commonly detected. It's this high number and concentration of different residues, even after thorough washing, that lands apples on the list year after year.
The 2025 Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen Lists
The 2025 lists highlight the produce with the highest and lowest pesticide loads, providing a useful resource for prioritizing organic purchases.
The 2025 Dirty Dozen includes:
- Spinach
- Strawberries
- Kale, collard, and mustard greens
- Grapes
- Peaches
- Cherries
- Nectarines
- Pears
- Apples
- Blackberries
- Blueberries
- Potatoes
The 2025 Clean Fifteen includes:
- Pineapple
- Sweet corn
- Avocados
- Papaya
- Onions
- Sweet peas (frozen)
- Asparagus
- Cabbage
- Watermelon
- Cauliflower
- Bananas
- Mangoes
- Carrots
- Mushrooms
- Kiwi
Comparison: Organic vs. Conventional Apples
| Aspect | Organic Apples | Conventional Apples |
|---|---|---|
| Pesticide Residues | Significantly lower or undetectable levels of synthetic pesticide residues. | High levels of synthetic pesticide residues, often from multiple different chemicals. |
| Farming Practices | Uses natural pest control methods like crop rotation and beneficial insects. Prohibits synthetic fertilizers and GMOs. | Relies on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers for higher yields and efficiency. May use GMOs. |
| Cost | Typically more expensive due to higher labor costs and lower yields. | Generally more affordable due to cheaper inputs and higher efficiency. |
| Environmental Impact | More environmentally friendly, promoting soil health and biodiversity. | Can contribute to soil degradation, water pollution, and reduced biodiversity. |
| Nutritional Value | No significant nutritional difference proven between organic and conventional. | Comparable to organic, but some nutrients are more concentrated in the peel, where pesticide residues are higher. |
Reducing Your Exposure
If buying organic apples isn't always feasible, there are steps you can take to minimize your intake of pesticide residues. Experts agree that the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables far outweigh the potential pesticide risks, so don't stop eating apples. The key is to be a mindful consumer.
Effective washing techniques for conventional produce
- The Baking Soda Soak: One study found that soaking apples in a solution of baking soda and water for about 10-15 minutes is more effective at removing certain pesticides than tap water alone. Use about two teaspoons of baking soda for every liter of water. Rinse thoroughly afterward.
- Warm Water Rinse: Washing apples under warm, running water and scrubbing them with your hands or a soft brush can help remove the waxy coating that can trap some chemical residues.
- Avoid Soap or Detergent: Never use dish soap or household cleaners on produce, as these can be absorbed and make you sick.
The peeling option
Peeling an apple is a reliable way to remove most surface pesticides, but it comes with a trade-off: you lose some of the nutritional benefits, like fiber and certain vitamins and minerals, concentrated in the peel. If you choose to peel, make sure to wash the apple first to prevent transferring contaminants from the skin to the flesh with your peeler or knife.
For more information on the Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen, you can visit the Environmental Working Group's website.
Conclusion: Making Informed Choices
While the fact that apples are on the Dirty Dozen list may seem alarming, it should not be a reason to avoid this nutritious fruit. The EWG’s list is a tool to help consumers make educated decisions about when to prioritize organic products. For items like apples, which are frequently contaminated, opting for organic is a clear way to reduce your pesticide exposure. However, if organic is not an option, thorough washing with a baking soda soak or warm running water is a viable way to mitigate risk. Ultimately, the choice to buy organic or conventional is a personal one, but having the facts empowers you to choose what's best for your family and budget. The most important thing is to continue eating plenty of fruits and vegetables for a healthy diet, regardless of how they are grown.
